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Information technology > OSI Model > Flashcards

OSI Model Flashcards

1
Q

How is data referred to at each layer?

mnemonic device: Don’t Some People Forget Birthdays

A

Layer 1 Physical -Bits

Layer 2 Data Link- Frames

Layer 3 Network- packets

Layer 4 Transport- Segments

layer 5,6,7 Session, Presentation, Application- Data

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2
Q

What is Layer one of OSI model? What are some examples of layer one devices?

A

Physical Layer:
Ethernet, Fiber Cables,

Radio frequencies such as WiFi or bluetooth

Also: Hubs, Wireless access points, media converters

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3
Q

What is multiplexing and what does it do?

A
  • Multiplexing is taking a limited amount of resource and using it more efficiently
  • Multiplexing allows multiple people to use a baseband connection at the same time
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4
Q

What are the two types of bandwidth? How are they different?

A

Bandwidth-2 Types : Broadband and Baseband

Broadband divides into separate channels

Baseband uses all frequencies of cable all the time

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5
Q

What is Layer 2 of OSI model? What are some examples of layer 2 devices?

A

Data Link Layer

Examples of layer 2 devices: NIC, Bridges, Switches, MAC Addresses

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of ways that communication is synchronized

A
  • Isochronous mode
  • Synchronous mode
  • Asynchronous mode
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7
Q

Describe Isochronous mode of communication synchronization.

A

Isochronous mode-network devices use a common reference clock source and create time slots for transmission with less overhead than synchronous or asynchronous methods

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8
Q

Describe Synchronous mode of communication synchronization.

A

Synchronous mode- network devices are on clocking method to indicate beginning and end of frames and can use control characters or separate timing channels.

takes up a lot of networking bandwidth

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9
Q

Describe Asynchronous mode of communication synchronization.

A

Asynchronous mode- network devices reference their own internal clocks and use start/stop bits. No real control over how devices communicate

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10
Q

What does Logical Link Control (LLC) do?

A

Logical link Control (LLC)-Provides connection services and allows acknowledgement or receipt of messages. It is also the most basic form of flow control. uses checksum to verify data is not corrupted or missing data

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11
Q

What form are MAC addresses written in?
What do the first 6 letters in a MAC address represent?
What do the last 6 letters represent?

A

MAC addresses are written hexadecimally where each number or letter = 4 bits

The first 24 bits or 6 letters are the VENDOR code

the last 24 bits or 6 letters is for exact machine

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12
Q

What does the Data Link layer do?

A

packages data into frames on the network, performing error detection/correction, uniquely identifying network devices with an address (MAC) and providing flow control

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13
Q

What is layer 3 of the OSI model? What are some examples of Layer 3?

A

Network Layer:

Routers, multilayer switches, IPv4 and IPv6 Protocol, ICMP

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14
Q

What is ICMP and what is it’s function?

A

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)- Used to send error messages and operational information about an IP destination

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15
Q

What are some examples of routing protocols?

A

RIP, OSPF, EIGRP,etc..

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of route discovery and selection?

A

Manually configured as a static route
or
Dynamically through a routing protocol

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17
Q

What is Message Switching?

A

data is divided into messages similar to packet switching, except these messages may be stored then forwarded

messages are stored and forwarded similar to email

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18
Q

What is Circuit Switching?

A

Circuit switching is dedicated communication link is established between two devices, uses same path each time

example would be phone call where all data back and forth is traveling through the same path

19
Q

What is Packet Switching?

A

packet switching =routing, this is normal how we use internet and is referenced to the mailbox and letters method of delivery

20
Q

What are the three ways that data can be forwarded or routed?

A

Packet switching(most commonly used), Circuit switching or Message switching

21
Q

How many bits in one Byte?

How many Bytes in an IP address?

A

8 Bits in a Byte

4 Bytes in an IP address

22
Q

What is layer 3 switching referred to as? What does this get confused with?

A

Layer 3 switching is ROUTING

Gets confused with physical switches that operate at layer 2

23
Q

What is Layer 3 on OSI model? What does it do?

A

Layer 3 Network - Forwards traffic (routing) with logical address (IPv4 or IPv6)

24
Q

What is Layer 4 of OSI model? What are some examples of layer 4 devices/functions?

A

Transport Layer

TCP, UDP, WAN accelerators, Load balancers, Firewalls

25
Q

What is buffering?

A

Buffering- occurs when devices, such as routers, allocate memory to store segments if bandwidth isnt readily available

26
Q

What is windowing?

A

Windowing-allows the clients to adjust the amount of data sent in each segments and continually adjusts to send more or less data per segment transmitted

27
Q

What is TCP?

A

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Connection-oriented protocol that is a reliable way to transport segments across the network

reliability features like windowing and buffering

28
Q

What is UDP?

A

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)- Connectionless protocol that is an unreliable way to transport segments across the network

used for video streaming and audio streaming

29
Q

Which is a more reliable transport protocol, TCP or UDP?

A

TCP

30
Q

What transport protocol is faster, TCP or UDP?

A

UDP

31
Q

Differences between TCP and UDP

A

TCP- Reliable, connection-oriented, segment retransmission and flow control through windowing, segment sequencing, acknowledges segments

UDP- Unreliable, Connectionless, no windowing or retransmission, no sequencing, no acknowledgement

32
Q

What is Layer 5 of OSI model? What protocols are examples of layer 5?

A

Session Layer
Examples:
RTP, NetBIOS, and H.323

33
Q

What is NetBIOSs function?

A

used by computers to share files over a network.

34
Q

What is H.323

A

H.323 is used to set up, maintain, and teardown voice and video connections(STREAMING facetime/skype)-Operates on Real-Time Protocol (RTP)

35
Q

What does RTP stand for?

A

Real-Time Transport Protocol

used for streaming audio or video calls (ex:facetime)

36
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Session layer?

A

Setting up a session
Maintaining a session
Tearing down a session

37
Q

Best way to describe how layer 5 works.

A

Best thought of a conversation that has to be kept separate from all the others to prevent the intermingling of data

38
Q

What is Layer 6? What are some examples of Layer 6 for text, pictures, videos, and encryption?

A

Examples at Layer 6:

HTML, XML, PHP, JavaScript- all tell text based ASCII how to display on screen

ASCII, EBCDIC, UNICODE-Different ways to display texts from ones and zeroes

GIF, JPG, TIF, SVG, PNG- all different ways of displaying ones and zeroes as different graphical format

MP4, MPG, MOV-Video files

TLS and SSL-Encryption

39
Q

What is TLS? What layer does it operate on?

A

Type of encryption: Transport Layer Security (TLS)-encrypted tunnel between server and client
-Updated more secure version of SSL
Layer 6

40
Q

What is data formatting?

A

Data formatting - data is formatted by the computer to have compatibility between different devices Examples: ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is basically text.

GIF, JPEG, PNG JPG- all types of formatting

41
Q

What is ASCII?

A

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
-text based language -ensure data is readable by receiving system (Making sure that we’re all speaking the same language)

  • Provides proper data structure
  • Negotiates data transfer syntax for the application layer (Layer 7)
42
Q

What layer of the OSI model does data formatting and encryption occur at?

A

layer 6 Presentation Layer

43
Q

What is Layer 7 of the OSI model? What are some examples?

A

Application Layer

  • Email (POP3, IMAP, SMTP)
  • Web browsing (HTTP, HTTPS)
  • Domain Name Service (DNS)
  • File Transfer Protocol (FTP, FTPS,SFTP)
  • Remote Access (TELNET, SSH)
  • Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
44
Q

What is a service advertisement?

A

This is where applications send out announcements to other devices on the network to state the services they offer

(example: new printer on a network advertising itself saying “HI im a printer! Use me too print things!”

Information technology (3 decks)

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