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Common Networking Ports > OSI Model > Flashcards

OSI Model Flashcards

1
Q

Layer 1

A

Physical

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1
Q

Layer 2

A

Data Link

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2
Q

Layer 3

A

Network

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3
Q

Layer 4

A

Transportation

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4
Q

Layer 5

A

Session

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5
Q

Layer 6

A

Presentation

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6
Q

Layer 7

A

Application

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7
Q

Layer 1 devices

A

Ethernet/fiberoptic, Bluetooth, Wifi, Repeaters, Hubs etc. Dumb devices that just repeat the data sent into them

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8
Q

Layer 2 devices

A

Simple switches, Network Interface Cards, Bridges

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9
Q

Layer 3 devices

A

Routers, Multi-layer switches, IPv4 Protocol, IPv6 Protocol, ICMP

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10
Q

Layer 4 Devices

A

TCP, UDP, Firewalls, Load Balancers

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11
Q

Layer 5 devices

A

H.323 - H.264, NetBIOS

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12
Q

Layer 6 devices

A

How is the data requested displayed. E.G:
HTML, XML, Scripting languages
ASCII, EBCDIC, UNICODE
Gif, Mov, JPG
TLS, SSL

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13
Q

Layer 7 Devices

A

Not applications, from a wider persepective eg. the services that allow applications to function.

Email (SMTP, IMAP, POPv3)
Internet Browsing (HTTP, HTTPS)
Domain Name Service
File transfer protocol (FTP, FTPS)
Remote Access (SSH, Telnet, RDP)
SNMP

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14
Q

Layer 1 functions

A

Transmission of bits across the network
Wiring standards
Physical topology
Synchronising bits
Multiplexing strategy
Bandwith Usage

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15
Q

What are the common topology types?

A

Bus - Single line of failure
Ring
Ring FDDI - Dual ring operating in different directions
Star - Centered communication from server
Hub - Some level of failover - hubs connect close devices and communicate with each other
Mesh - Every devices is linked with every device - fully redundant, however impratical for larger networks
Partial Mesh - Combination between mesh and hub, not fully redundant

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16
Q

How is communication synchronised?

A

Asynchronous - Communication is modulated by transmitting a start and stop bits to initiate communication

Synchronous - communication occurs based on the agreed reference clock

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17
Q

Bandwidth utilisation?

A

Broadband - Multiple data streams through the same transmission infrastructure

Baseband - entire stream is dedicated to one purpose eg ethernet, phone calls

18
Q

What is the purpose of multiplexing?

A

To allow communication between multiple devices on the network to communicate without having data clashes.

19
Q

Multiplexing strategies?

A

Time-division multiplexing - Communication occurs within dedicated timeslots that have been assigned to different devices

Statistical division multiplexing (StatTDM) - Dynamically assigns timeslots to devices based on an as-needed basis instead of statistically assigning

Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) - Transmission medium is divided into different channels based on frequency - eg broadband

20
Q

Layer 2 functions

A

Packaging bits into frames for transmitting those frames on the network. Performing error correction/detection, and identifying devices through MAC addresses

MAC
Physical Addressing
Logical Topology
Method of transmission
Logical Link control - connection services and syncronising transmissions

21
Q

What is a MAC address and how is it identified?

A

Media Access Control - an address that uniquely identifies Network Interface cards

48 bit address - First 24 are manufacturer code, last 24 are device identifier

22
Q

What is LLC?

A

Logical Link Control - provides connections services, acknowleges receipt of a message and provides flow control. Identifies the amount of data that a receiver can handle.

23
Q

How is communication syncronised at this layer?

A

Isochronous - Communications are coordinated by a common reference clock and have dedicated timeslots - similar to TDM

Synchronous - Network devices agree on clocking method to indicate beginning and middle of frames. Uses control characters or separate timing channel

Asynchronous - devices use a start and stop bit to indicate transmission, and reference their own start/stop bits.

24
Q

Layer 3 functions?

A

Routing traffic
Logical Addressing
Switching
Route discovery and forwarding
Connection services
Bandwidth usage
Multiplexing strategy

25
Q

What is a logical address?

A

Internet protocol address (IP Address)
IPv4 & IPv6

IPv4 - 32 Bit address - 192.168.0.1
IPv6 - 128 Bit address - 3002:0bd6:0000:0000:0000:ee00:0033:6778

26
Q

How should data be forwarded or routed?

A

Packet switching (routing) - data is divided into packets and forwarded. Taken to distribution center and forwarded on from there. - If not available to be received it is shredded

Circuit switching - Establishing dedicated channel of communication between two devices. Same channel each time.

Message switching - Data is divided into messages, similar to packet switching but may be stored before being forwarded. Delayed sending of emails.

27
Q

How are routes discovered and selected?

A

Routers maintain routing tables to understand how to forward a packet based on destination IP.

Can be manually configured as a static route or dynamic through a routing protocol.
- RIP
- OSPF
- EIGRP

28
Q

What are the connection services provided?

A

Connection services at layer 3 augment layer two.

Flow control - to allow for maximum data transfer.

Packet reordering - allows for data to be sent over multiple links and routes for faster service.

29
Q

What is ICMP?

A

Internet control message protocol - Used to send error messages ad operational information about IP destination.

Not regularly used in end user applications, used for diagnostic, trouble shooting and reconnaissance purposes - PING and traceroute

30
Q

What is the purpose of Layer 4?

A

Dividing line between upper lines and lower lines of OSI model.

This is where data is encapsulated and headers places onto the segments of info.

TCP/UDP decision

Where windowing occurs for transmission
Storing segments for buffering etc.

31
Q

What is TCP?

A

Transmission control protocol - a connection protocol.

Three way handshake - establishing a connection through SYN, SYN-ACK and ACK

Reliable transmission of segments, packets are ordered and confirmation of receipt of information. Allows data to be sent out of order and is reordered when received.

32
Q

What is UDP?

A

User Datagram Protocol - Connectionless protocol

Data is fired away from the sender, without any receipt from the receiver. Used when packet loss may not be crucial and speed is more important - video/voice streaming, gaming etc.

33
Q

What is the purpose of layer 6?

A

To present the information in a way that is interpreted and securing the data with encryption.

Functions
Data Formatting
Encryption

34
Q

What is data formatting?

A

To format the data for compatibility between devices? EG - ASCII, GIF, JPG

Ensures data is readable by receiving system
Provides data structures
Negotiates data transfer syntax for the application layer (7)

35
Q

What is the purpose of layer 7?

A

Provide the application infrastructure required to receive the data that has been transmitted.

This is not applications such as outlook, but the foundational applications such as applications services or service advertisement.

36
Q

What are application services?

A

Low level protocols that make up the basis or connecting services for applications.

For email, don’t think “Outlook”, think “POPv3” or “IMAP”

37
Q

What are Service Advisements?

A

Where applications can send announcements throughout the network regarding the services they provide - e.g. Printers, File servers.

This can be managed through AD, but if not then the devices can advertise for themselves.

38
Q

What is encapsulating data?

A

The process of putting headers around data from Layer 7 down

39
Q

What is decapsulating data?

A

Removing encapsulation/headers from Layer 1 upwards

40
Q

What layer header do you add source and destination ports?

A

Layer 4

41
Q

What layer header do you add the source and destination IP address?

A

Layer 3

42
Q

What layer header do you add source and destination MAC address?

A

Layer 2

43
Q
A

Common Networking Ports (3 decks)

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