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Acquired Comms OSCE > OSCE study cards > Flashcards

OSCE study cards Flashcards

1
Q

What is Aphasia?
NOT NEEDED FOR OSCE

A

Aphasia is a communication disorder that affects a person’s ability to speak, understand speech (listening), read, and write.

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2
Q

What is Apraxia of Speech (AOS)?
NOT NEEDED FOR OSCE

A

A motor programming deficit. Patients experience difficulty planning and sequencing the production of sounds.
NOT a motor movement issue.

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3
Q

What is TBI?

A

Occurs when external forces cause brain damage resulting in consciousness loss or alteration and physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioural impairments.

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4
Q

What is RHD?

A

Right hemisphere dysfunction refers to impairment or damage to the right hemisphere of the brain
Causes difficulties with:
* cognition
* perceptual
* behaviour
* interpretation of emotions
* facial recognition
* understanding context
* processing non-verbal communication.

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5
Q

What is dementia?

A

A decline in cognitive function severe enough to interfere with daily life. Not a specific disease, but a group of symptoms including:
* memory loss
* difficulty with communication, reasoning, judgment
* changes in mood or behavior.

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6
Q

What is PPA (Primary Progressive Aphasia)

A

A neurological syndrome in which language capabilities become slowly and progressively impaired.

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7
Q

What are the different types of PPA?

A
  • Progressive non-fluent aphasia
  • Semantic Dementia
  • Logopenic Progressive Aphasia
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8
Q

What is Progressive non-fluent aphasia?

A
  • difficulty producing speech (speech may be slow, halting, and effortful)
  • Agrammatism (loss of ability to use proper grammar)
  • Phonemic Paraphasias (substitute or mispronounce sounds, leading to incorrect or jumbled words)
  • AOS
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9
Q

What is Semantic Dementia?

A
  • Loss of semantic knowledge
  • Fluent but Empty Speech
  • Anomia (difficulty with naming)
  • Preserved speech and grammar
  • Impaired Comprehension
  • Difficulty with Object and Face Recognition
  • Behaviour changes
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10
Q

What is Logopenic Progressive Aphasia?

A
  • Grammar and fluency relatively preserved
  • Speech slowed due to word finding pauses
  • Reading, writing and spelling abilities often affected.
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11
Q

Consequences of CCDs

A
  • Impacts ADLs
  • Impacts work - varies, depending on severity of TBI and job
  • Impacts social - eg relationships, loss of friends, social isolation
  • Psychological - depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, suicidal thoughts common
  • Impacts on family - changes, stress, carer burnout, financial implications, PTSD, mourning ‘old’ personality
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12
Q

What is the prognosis for Aphasia, AOS, TBI, RHD?

A

The prognosis for aphasia and/or AOS varies widely depending on several factors, including the cause, type, and severity of the condition, the location and extent of brain damage, the age and health of the individual, and the promptness and quality of treatment received.
Focus is on QoL, ADLs

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13
Q

What is the prognosis for Dementia

A

Degenerative - symptoms will worsen over time
Ongoing decline in:
* memory
* perception
* language
* executive functioning

Focus is on QoL, ADLs

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14
Q

What is the prognosis for PPA

A

Degenerative - symptoms will worsen over time and can lead to significant impairments in communication and daily functioning.
Focus is on QoL, ADLs

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15
Q

Name some treatments for Aphasia

A
  • TUF (Treatment of Underlying Forms)
  • PACE (Prompting Aphasic Communication Effectiveness)
  • Script training
  • Communications Partner training
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16
Q

Name some treatments for AOS

A
  • Modelling
  • Repetition
  • Motoric Practise / Articulatory Kinematic treatments
  • Rate / Rythm control treatment
  • Script training
  • Communication Partner training
17
Q

Name some treatments for TBI and RHD

A
  • Spaced Retrieval
  • Cognitive Functioning intervention
  • Metacognitive hierarchy
  • Social perception training
  • Communication partner training
18
Q

Name some treatments for Dementia and PPA

A
  1. Maximising learning and sensory input (hearing and vision)
  2. Montessori interventions
  3. Spaced retrieval training (memory)
  4. Cognitive stimulation - reminiscence, conversation groups
  5. External memory aids/communication supports
  6. Environmental interventions - CP & environmental modifications / enrichment
19
Q

What causes RHD?

A

RHD (Right hemisphere dysfunction) can be caused by:
* Stroke
* TBI
* Brain Tumors
* Infections: Eg encephalitis
* Neurodegenerative Diseases: Eg Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia
* Surgical Complications: Brain surgeries, although aimed at treating a condition, can sometimes result in damage to the right hemisphere.
* Anoxia or Hypoxia: Lack of oxygen to the brain due to cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, or drowning
* Brain hemorrhages or bleeding in the brain

20
Q

What causes aphasia?
NOT NEEDED FOR OSCE

A

Most commonly stroke
Also PPA, TBI, tumour, infection

21
Q

What causes AOS
NOT NEEDED FOR OSCE

A

Caused by damage to the brain.
Due to stroke (most common cause), TBI, neurodegenerative diseases, genetic disorders, infections

22
Q

What causes TBI?

A

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be caused by a variety of factors, typically resulting from a sudden, violent blow or jolt to the head or body. Eg:
* Falls
* Motor vehicle accidents
* Sports injuries
* Violence
* Combat injuries (TBIs from blasts, explosions, and other combat-related events)
* Accidental trauma
* Shaken baby syndrome

23
Q

What causes Dementia?

A

Various progressive medical or neurological conditions e.g Alzheimers, Parkinson’s

24
Q

What causes PPA (Primary Progressive Aphasia)? What are the three types?

A

A neurological condition - generally considered to be related to degeneration in specific areas of the brain, particularly those involved in language. Depending on area, there are different PPAs:
* Progressive non-fluent aphasia
* Semantic Dementia
* Logopenic Progressive Aphasia

25
Q

What are the characteristics of Aphasia?
NOT NEEDED FOR OSCE

A

Any language modality may be affected - speaking, listening, reading and/or writing.

26
Q

What are the chracteristics of TBI?

A

Difficulties with:
* attention
* memory
* executive functionin
* pragmatic/discourse (poor topic management, turn-taking issues, inadequate discourse cohesion, decreased informativeness, impaired macrostructure, difficulties with figurative language)
* anomia (difficulty recalling names)

27
Q

What are the characteristics of AOS? NOT NEEDED FOR OSCE

A

Articulatory Problems - inconsistent or consistent articulatory:
- substitutions
- distortions
- additions
- omissions
- repetitions

**Prosodic Disturbances **
- decreased speech rate
- abnormal stress patterns
- excessive frequency or duration of pauses

Symptoms vary based on speech context variables:
- word/utterance length and phonetic complexity
- word frequency
- type of speech activity (repetition, read aloud, spontaneous)

28
Q

What are the characteristics of RHD?

A

Problems with:
* Perception
* Attention
* Memory
* Executive functioning
* Pragmatics/Discourse
* Comprehension
* Expression

29
Q

What are the characteristics of Dementia?

A

Problems with:
* Perception
* Attention
* Memory
* Executive functioning
* Pragmatics/Discourse
* Comprehension
* Expression

30
Q

What are the characteristics of PPA?

A

Clinical syndrome, diagnosed when patienr has aphasia caused by a degenerative brain disease. It is therefore a progressive condition

31
Q

What are the three discourse profiles in CCDs? And what do they mean?

A
  • Confused - Inaccurate content, problems in clarity, confabulations, ambiguous content
  • Impoverished - Speak briefly, very slowly (reduced rate) with few words, frequent silent pauses, simple syntax, does not elaborate, burden falls on CP
  • Verbose - Increased verbal output with large number of mazes (revisions), may be tangential, unable to get to the point, not allow CP to have a turn
32
Q

What is the continuum of care?

A
  1. Intensive Care
  2. Acute Care
  3. Inpatient Rehabilitation
  4. Outpatient Rehabilitation
  5. Primary and Secondary Care follow-up
33
Q

Considerations for when using AAC and Apps

A
  1. Patient’s linguistic abilities
  2. Patient’s cognitive abilities
  3. Patient’s motor abilities
  4. Patient’s sensory and perceptual skills
  5. Cost
  6. Strategies or devices used pre morbidly
  7. Patient’s preference
  8. Caregiver’s preference
  9. The patient’s daily needs
34
Q

What is the hierarchy of awareness?

A
  1. Self monitor performance / behaviour during an activity.
  2. Reflect on performance / behaviour after an activity on own
  3. Reflect on performance / behaviour after an activity when shown the event. eg video
  4. Reflect on performance / behaviour after an activity when someone else points it out *(feedback)
35
Q

Three Different Ways to Step Up & Down In Treatment

A
  1. Linguistic level of goal
  2. Level of cueing / supports
    Provide cueing
    Visual supports
  3. Nature of the stimuli
    Include more complex words
36
Q

What are the stages of the cueing hierarcy?

A
  1. Delay
  2. Semantic
  3. Phonemic / Orthographic
  4. Gestural / Drawing
  5. Imitation
37
Q

Outline the stages if the metacognitive hierarchy

A
  1. Education / Motivation - Educate the client on the behaviour
  2. Identification - Identify this behaviour in others in simple illustrative tasks
  3. Feedback / building insight - Understand own behaviour following direct feedback
  4. Recognition - Recognise own behaviour following different types of feedback / help
  5. Self-evaluation: Recognise and evaluate own behaviour following feedback
  6. Self-monitoring: Encourage the client to monitor and self-regulate their behaviour online using non-specific and specific prompts OR without any prompts (attending to own behaviour)
  7. Generalisation: Incorporate above into different, meaningful contexts.

Acquired Comms OSCE (2 decks)

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