Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Primary SOE/ VIVA > OSCE - Anatomy > Flashcards

OSCE - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the aspect of the heart supplied by the following blood vessels:

  1. RCA
  2. Right marginal artery
  3. Left circumflex artery
  4. LAD
  5. Left marginal artery
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the descending pathways and ascending pathways in the spinal cord?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is contained within the grey matter of the spinal cord?

A

Cell bodies

Unmyelinated neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the blood supply to the spinal cord?

A
  1. ONE anterior spinal artery - originate from vertebral arteries, supplies anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord
  2. TWO posterior spinal arteries - originates from posterior cerebellar arteries
  3. RADICULAR arteries - from vertebral, ascending cervical, intercostal and lumbar arteries.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens if there is cessation of blood flow in the anterior spinal artery?

A

Paralysis below the level of the lesion
Loss of pain temperature sesation at and below the level of the lesion.
Light touch and proprioception remain in tact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What clinical signs follow hemisection of the spinal cord?

A

Ipsilateral loss of light touch, proprioception and motor function below lesion.

Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation usually 2-3 levels below the lesion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

At what vertebral level does the trachea commence?

A

C6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What structures lie anterior and posterior to the trachea where it starts?

A

Anterior - skin, subcutaneous tissue, strap muscles, isthmus of the thyroid, thyroid artery

Posterior - oesophagus, recurrent laryngeal nerve (groove between oesophagus and trachea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is surgical tracheostomy inserted?

A

2nd and 4th tracheal rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

At what level does the trachea bifurcate?

A

T4-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the nerve to the trachea?

A

Anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses

Branch of the vagus and sympathetic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the differences between right and left main bronchi?

A

RIGHT:

WIDER, MORE VERTICAL
SHORTER (2.5cm vs 5cm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many segmental bronchi are there?

A

10

3 upper lobe
2 middle lobe
5 lower lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many lobes and fissures present in each lung?

A

Each lung has an oblique fissure, but the right lung has a transverse fissure also.

Therefore three lobes right lung, two lobes left lung.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the basic histology of the trachea to the terminal bronchioles.

A

Trachea –> 10 generations of bronchi have descending cartilaginous support, and surrounded by smooth muscle and elastic fibres. They have GOBLET CELLS which produce mucus - lined with ciliated columnar epithelial cells.

Next FIVE generations - no cartilage or goblet cells, but still have elastic tissue and smooth muscle fibres. They lined with ciliated cuboidal epithelium

The alveolar walls consist of simple squamous epithelium. Also the tissues surrounding the alveoli contain elastic fibres which allow the alveoli to expand during inspiration and recoil during expiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the alveoli in the lung.

A

Approximately 300 million alveoli are in the lungs.

The average diameter of the alveoli is approximately 250um and their walls are extremely thin.

There are two types of cells in the alveoli: type I pneumocytes which are thin squamous epithelial cells that forms 90% of the alveoli surface. Most of the gas exchange take place between these cells.

Type II pneumocytes are round secretory that produce surfactant, which makes it easier for the alveoli to expand during inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the blood supply and venous drainage of the lungs?

A

The bronchial arteries arising from the aorta provide blood supply to the non-respiratory airways, pleura, and connective tissue while

the pulmonary arteries supply the respiratory units (acini) and participate in gas exchange.

Venous drainage is mainly by the pulmonary veins (right and left superior and inferior pulmonary veins),

though the venous of drainage from the walls of the larger bronchi is carried out by the bronchial veins.

All four veins (pulmonary veins) drain into the left atrium.

18
Q

THE FIRST RIB, name three unique features

A

It is the shortest rib, most curved, no angle

Has a SINGLE articular facet for articulation with the body of T1

TWO grooves superior surface

No costal groove on the inferior surface

19
Q

What structures pass on the grooves?

A

Subclavian vein medially
Subclavian artery and lower trunk of brachial plexus

Separating the two scalene tubercle which attaches to scalenus anterior

20
Q

Ribs 2-7:

  1. which part of the rib houses the neurovascular bundle?
  2. between which layer does the intercostal muscles lie?
A
  1. Neurovascular bundle lies within the COSTAL GROOVE

2. INTERNAL and INNERMOST Intercostal muscles

21
Q

Name three indications for an intercostal nerve block.

A

Rib fractures
Thoracic surgery
Chest drain insertion
Breast surgery

22
Q

What are the unique features of the 11th and 12th rib?

A

They are floating, and attach only to the vertebrae and not the sternum

23
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium

24
Q

Which arteries supply the SA and AV node?

A

Right coronary artery supplies SA node in 60%

Right coronary artery supplies AV node in 80%

25
Q

Describe venous drainage of the heart

A

VIA CORONARY SINUS - blood from small, middle, oblique and great coronary veins into right atrium

Directly into right atrium via anterior cardiac vein and cordae minimae

26
Q

What is the nerve supply to the heart?

A

Cardiac plexus that contains sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.

Sympathetic: T1-T4, via cervical and upper thoracic ganglian

Parasympathetic: via vagus nerve

27
Q

In the foetal circulation describe the route of blood flow.

A

UMBILICAL VEIN

PORTAL SINUS - LIVER and DUCTUS VENOSUS - IVC

IVC - RA - FORAMEN OVALE - LA - PULMONARY ARTERY - DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS and AORTA

28
Q

What changes lead to closure of the foramen ovale?

A
  1. Lung expansion - decreased PVR and PA pressure
  2. SVR increases due to loss of low resistance placenta
  3. Systemic pressure exceed aortic pressure
  4. Foramen ovale flaps functionally close.
29
Q

What structure does ductus arteriosus connect?

What is it called after birth?

A

Pulmonary artery and the descending aorta

Ligamentum arteriosum

30
Q

What does the umbilical cord contain?

A

1 umbilical vein

2 arteries

31
Q

At what level does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm?

A

T10

32
Q

What level does the aorta pierce the diaphragm?

A

T 12

33
Q

What level does the IVC pierce the diaphragm?

A

T8

34
Q

What are the attachments of the diaphragm? (6)

A

ANTERIOR: lower 6 ribs

MEDIALLY: xiphisternum

LEFT and RIGHT crux to lumbar vertebrae

POSTERIOR: medial arcuate ligament to psoas, lateral arcuate ligament to the quadratus lumborum

CENTRAL: Pericardium

35
Q

Motor innervation to the diaphragm?

A

PHRENIC NERVE

C3 - 5

36
Q

SENSORY INNERVATION OF THE DIAPHRAGM?

A

Central tendon - phrenic nerve

Peripheries - intercostal nerve

37
Q

At what level does the phrenic nerve pierce the diaphragm?

A

T8

38
Q

What is the course of the IJV from base of skull to its termination?

A
  1. JUGULAR FORAMEN
  2. Descends in CAROTID SHEATH
  3. Initially runs lateral to internal carotid - then anterior and lateral to COMMON CAROTID.
  4. Joins BRACHIAL VEIN to from BRACHIOCEPHALIC VEIN.
39
Q

What is contained in the carotid sheath?

A

IJV
Common carotid
Vagus nerve

40
Q

What is the motor innervation to the larynx?

A
  1. RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid.
  2. External branch of SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE to cricothyroid.

Primary SOE/ VIVA (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions