os principles and windows Flashcards
multi user
Two or more users have individual accounts that allow them to work with programs and peripheral devices at the same time.
multi-tasking
The computer is capable of operating multiple applications at the same time.
multi- processing
The operating system can support two or more CPUs.
multi-threading
A program can be broken into smaller parts that are loaded as needed by the operating system. Multithreading allows different parts of a program to be run at the same time.
basic functions of an os
Hardware access, The OS manages the interaction between applications and the hardware via device drivers
file and folder management
user interface either cli or gui
desktop os
A desktop OS has the following characteristics:
It supports a single user.
It runs single-user applications.
It shares files and folders on a small network with limited security.
network operating system or NOS
NOS has these specific characteristics:
It supports multiple users.
It runs multi-user applications.
It provides increased security compared to desktop operating systems
e.g windows server
nos shared resources
A NOS provides certain network resources to computers:
Server applications, such as shared databases
Centralized data storage
Centralized repository of user accounts and resources on the network
Network print queue
Redundant storage systems, such as RAID and backups
off the shelf applications
Off-the-shelf applications specify a list of compatible operating systems on the application package.
customized applications
If the customer is using a customized application, the programmer of that application specifies which OS to use.
upgrade assistant windows 8, upgrade advisor windows 7
these utilities scan the system for hardware and software incompatibility issues in hardware before upgrading to newer editions of the Windows OS. Upgrade Assistant and Upgrade Advisor create a report of any problems and then guide you through the steps to resolve them. You can download the Upgrade Assistant and Upgrade Advisor from the Microsoft Windows website.
upgrade rules
a 32-bit OS cannot be upgraded to a 64-bit OS. Another example is that Windows XP cannot be upgraded to Windows 8.1. Prior to performing an upgrade, back up all data in case there is a problem with the installation.
user state migration
The Windows User State Migration Tool (USMT) migrates all user files and settings to the new OS,
windows easy transfer
If a user is switching from an old computer to a new one, use Windows Easy Transfer to migrate personal files and settings. You can perform the file transfer using a USB cable, CD or DVD, a USB flash drive, an external drive, or a network connection.
how to access windows easy transfer
Start > All Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Windows Easy Transfer
master boot record
he Master Boot Record (MBR) is the information in the first sector of any hard disk or diskette that identifies how and where an operating system is located so that it can be boot (loaded) into the computer’s main storage or random access memory.
MBR details
max 4 primary partitions
max partition size 2TB
no partition table back up
any computer can boot from mbr
GUID Partition Table
Also designed as a partition table scheme standard for hard drives, the globally unique identifier (GUID) partition table (GPT) makes use of a number of modern techniques to expand on the older MBR partitioning scheme. GPT is commonly used in computers with UEFI firmware. Most modern operating systems now support GPT.
GUID partition table details
up to 128 primary partitions
max partition size 9.4ZB or 9.4x 10^21 bytes
stores partition table backup
partition and boot data stored in multiple locations across the disk
computer must be uefi based and run 64 bit architecture
primary partition
The primary partition contains the operating system files and is usually the first partition. A primary partition cannot be subdivided into smaller sections
Active partition
in MBR disks, the active partition is the partition used to store and boot an operating system. Notice that only primary partitions can be marked active in MBR disks. Another limitation is that only one primary partition per disk can be marked active at one time. In most cases, the C: drive is the active partition and contains the boot and system files.
extended partition
If more than 4 partitions are required on an MBR partitioned disk, one of the primary partitions can be designated an extended partition. After the extended partition is created, up to 23 logical drives (or logical partitions) can be created within this extended partition
Logical drive
A logical drive is a section of an extended partition. It can be used to separate information for administrative purposes. Because GPT partitioned drives cannot have an extended partitions, they do not have logical drives.
basic disk
A basic disk (the default) contains partitions such as primary and extended as well as logical drives which are formatted for data storage. More space can be added to a partition by extending it into adjacent, unallocated space, as long as it is contiguous. Either MBR or GPT can be used as the underlying partition scheme of basic disks.
Dynamic disk
- Dynamic disks provide features not supported by basic disks. A dynamic disk has the ability to create volumes that span across more than one disk. The size of the partitions can be changed after they have been set, even if the unallocated space is non-contiguous. Free space can be added from the same disk or a different disk, allowing a user to efficiently store large files. After a partition has been extended, it cannot be shrunk without deleting the entire partition. Either MBR or GPT can be used as the partition scheme of dynamic disks.
formatting
This process creates a file system in a partition for files to be stored- usually NTFS OR FAT32
files systems
he file system provides the directory structure that organizes the user’s operating system, application, configuration, and data files. There are many different kinds of file systems and each one has different structure and logic. Different file systems also differ in properties of speed, flexibility, security, size and more
File Allocation table 32
File Allocation Table, 32 bit (FAT32) - Supports partition sizes up to 2 TB or 2,048 GB. The FAT32 file system is used by Windows XP and earlier OS versions
NTFS
Supports partition sizes up to 16 exabytes, in theory. NTFS incorporates file system security features and extended attributes.
Exfat or fat64
Created to address some of the limitations of FAT, FAT32, and NTFS when formatting USB flash drives, such as file size and directory size. One of the primary advantages of exFAT is that it can support files larger than 4GB.
Compact Disc File System (CDFS)
created specifically for optical disk media
nfs network file system
NFS is a network-based file system, that allows file access over the network. From the user’s standpoint, there is no difference between accessing a file stored locally or on another computer on the network. NFS is an open standard which allows anyone to implement it.
quick format
The quick format removes files from the partition, but does not scan the disk for bad sectors. Scanning a disk for bad sectors can prevent data loss in the future.
For this reason, do not use the quick format for disks that have been previously formatted.
full format
The full format removes files from the partition while scanning the disk for bad sectors. It is required for all new hard drives. The full format option takes more time to complete.
repair your computer(on windows 8.1 install menu)
Opens the Recovery Environment to repair an installation. Select the Windows 8.1
upgrade
Upgrades Windows but keeps your current files, settings, and programs. Use this option to repair an installation.
custom install windows only
Installs a new copy of Windows in your choice of location and allows you to change disks and partitions.
old windows files on upgrade
When only upgrading the Windows OS, the previous Windows folder is kept, along with the Documents and Settings and Program Files folders. During the Windows 8.1 installation, these folders are moved to a folder named Windows.old. You can copy files from the previous installation to the new installation
SSO
Windows OSs use Single-Sign On (SSO) authentication, which allows users to log in once to access all system features versus requiring them to log in each time they need to access an individual resource.
user accounts
Administrator, Standard, and Guest. Each account type provides a user with a different level of control over system resources
amdinistrator
can make changes that affect all users/ control security parameters.
standard user
standard user accounts can be created at any time by the Administrator. A standard user account can use most of the capability of a computer; however, the user cannot make changes that affect other users or the security of the computer. For example, a standard user cannot install a printer.
guest account
individuals without a user account on the computer can use a guest account. A guest account has limited permissions and must be turned on by an administrator
manage use accounts
Control Panel > User Accounts > Manage Accounts
create or remove user accounts
Start > Control Panel > User Accounts > Add or remove user accounts
Windows update
To update the OS after the initial installation, Microsoft Windows Update is used to scan for new software and install service packs and patches.
access windows update in windows 8
control panel>windows update
access windows update in windows 7
start>all programs>windows update