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Lower Limb Biomechanics and prosthetics > Orthotics > Flashcards

Orthotics Flashcards

1
Q

What is Orthotics?

A

The science that deals with the use of specialised mechanical devices to support or supplement weakened or abnormal joints or limbs

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2
Q

What is an Orthosis?

A

What is an Orthosis?

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3
Q

What does an orthosis do?

A

improve function

reduce pain and/or deformity

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4
Q

Who is an Orthotist?

A

Registered health care professional who specialises in the assessment of the whole body for biomechanical problems, and if appropriate may prescribe, measure, fit or review an orthosis

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5
Q

AFO

A

Ankle Foot Orthosis

Externally applied device which extends from just below the knee, around the ankle and across the sole of the foot
Used for support and/or correction of foot/ankle deformities
Can also have affect on knee

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6
Q

KAFO

A

Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis
- custom made externally applied device worn on the leg extending from thigh to foot

(commonly referred to as a “calliper”)

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7
Q

HKAFO

A

Hip Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis

  • addition of the hip section provides control to selected hip motions, as well as the leg
  • it can also reduce or minimise the risk of the hip moving out of proper position or dislocating
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8
Q

KO

A

Knee orthosis

Externally applied device worn on the leg extending from mid-thigh to mid-calf

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9
Q

Valgus

A

Everted position in frontal plane

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10
Q

Varus

A

Inverted position in frontal plane

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11
Q

Equinus

A

Plantarflexedposition in sagittal plane

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12
Q

Foot othrosis

A

A moulded walking base used inside footwear–Insoles and heel cups

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13
Q

Foot Orthosis- Functional Potential

A
  • Re-distribution and reduction of plantar pressures
  • Relieve painImprove function
  • Prevent structural deformity
  • Correct mobile deformity
  • Accommodate fixed deformity
  • Limit or prevent joint motion
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14
Q

Mobile Deformity

A

The foot can be manipulated into a “normal” alignment

Foot orthosis to CORRECT deformity

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15
Q

Fixed deformity

A

The foot cannotbe manipulated into a ‘normal’ alignment

Foot orthosis to ACCOMMODATE deformity

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16
Q

Assessment pathway

A
  • Referral information and relevant patient history
  • Physical Assessment
  • static and dynamic gait assessment
  • aims and objectives of patient and clinician
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17
Q

Footwear

A 
Accommodate foot in a well fitting and protective surrounding
Extra care to be taken with insensate foot
Soft leather upper
Few internal seams
Padded tongues and cuffs
Lace/Velcro fastening
Wide and deep toe box
Rocker soles
18
Q

Name four common footwear adaptions

A

Raises
Wedges
Flares
Rocker Soles

19
Q

What does a shoe/heel raise accommodate for?

A

equinus foot or leg length discrepancy

20
Q

What does a shoe wedge correct/accommodate for?

A

fixed varus/valgus foot

Valgus = medial wedge 
Varus = lateral wedge
21
Q

What does a shoe flare correct/accommodate for?

A

increase stability from varus/valgus foot

22
Q

What does a rocker sole correct/accommodate for?

A

increase stiffness of sole
increase toe spring
ground reaction point shifted posteriorly

23
Q

AFO functional potential

A 
Correction of the musculo-skeletal system
Maintenance of position
Assist motion about a joint
Resist motion about a joint
Protection 
Improve walking speed and cadence
Reduce energy expenditure
24
Q

list the four types of AFO

A 
Solid AFO 
Posterior leaf spring 
AFO (PLS) 
Varus / Valgus control AFO
Jointed AFO
25
Q

AFO –How is it produced?

A 
Assessment of patient’s functional loss
Observation of gait
Biomechanical assessment of gait deviations
Identify functions required of orthosis
Plaster wrap cast of patient’s lower leg
26
Q

How can AFO characteristics can be altered?

A 
Increasing/decreasing medial/lateral trimlines
Increasing/decreasing material thickness
Changing cross section shape
Adding reinforcement/stiffeners
Material choice
27
Q

Functional Potential of a KO

A 
Relieve pain  
Improve function
Prevent structural deformity
Correct mobile deformity
Limit or prevent joint motion
28
Q

KO Potential Motion Control

A

FlexionHyperextensionAnterior/Posterior InstabilityMedial/Lateral InstabilityRotation

29
Q

Why would you fit a KO?

A

Osteoarthritis
Post surgical
Ligament injury
Mild Instability

30
Q

Why must the deformity be mild in order for the knee orthosis to be mild?

A

short lever arms on the knee

31
Q

Functional potential of a FAFO

A 
Correction of the musculo-skeletal system
Maintenance of position
Assist motion about a joint/joints
Resist motion about a joint/joints
Protection
Improve walking speed and cadence
Reduce energy expenditure
32
Q

considerations to determine what type of KAFO

A 
patient age
weight 
activity level
occupation 
goals and expectations
33
Q

what is a conventional calliper made out of?

what are the cons?

A

metal and leather

  • heavy
  • hard wearing
34
Q

What are cosmetic KAFos made out of?

A

thermoplastics
- light
durable
improve cosmoses

35
Q

Describe the two possible materials used for side bars of KAFOs

A

steel

  • hard material
  • heavy
  • hard wearing

Dural

  • aluminium alloy
  • soft
  • light
36
Q

list the 7 types of knee joints used in a KAFO

A 
Free
Drop locks
Manual Drop locks 
semi automatic locks
bale locks
polycentric locks
spline joints
37
Q

what is a quad top?

A

ischial tuberosity rests on a ledge outside the socket

38
Q

Ischial containment

A

ischial tuberosity rests within socket

39
Q

What is the aim of a HKAFO?

name an example

A

stabilise the hip and lower spine in cases where the patient is weak or paralysed
- Hip guidance orthosis (HGO)- basically a bilateral KAFO liked via specially designed low friction hip joints-allows for reciprocal ambulation

40
Q 
Upper lim orthotics
FO
HO
WHO
EO
EWHO
SO
A 
Finger Orthosis
Hand Orthosis
Wrist Hand Orthosis
Elbow Orthosis
Elbow Wrist Hand Orthosis
Shoulder Orthosis
41
Q

Upper limb: Static orthosis

A

typically WHO

  • holds wrist/hand in static position
  • prevents movement at specific joints
  • used to prevent contracture development
42
Q

Upper limb: Dynamic orthosis

A
  • springs and moving parts
  • holds arm in corrected position while allowing active movement at specific joints
  • aids rehab

Lower Limb Biomechanics and prosthetics (4 decks)

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