Orthopedics Flashcards
6 Ps of compartment syndrome
Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paresthesia
Paralysis
Poikilothermia
Kellgren lawrence Grading of knee osteoarthritis
Grade 0 (none): Definite absence of x-ray changes of osteoarthritis
Grade I - Doubtful (joint space narrowing and osteophyte lipping)
Grade II - Minimal (Possible joint space narrowing and definite osteophytes)
Grade III - Moderate (Definite joint space narrowing, multiple osteophytes, and some sclerosis
Grade IV - Severe (Marked joint space narrowing, large osteophytes, severe sclerosis and definite deformity of bone ends)
4 Findings of interest in Kellgren Lawrence classification of Osteoarthritis
1) Joint space narrowing
2) Osteophytes
3) Subchondral sclerosis
4) Subchondral cysts
Contents of Carpal tunnel
- Median nerve
- Flexor pollicis longus tendon
- 4 tendons of Flexor digitorum superficialis
- 4 tendons of Flexor digitorum profundus
Define Kochers criteria and its variables
> Criteria used to differentiate between septic arthritis and transient tenosynovitis in pediatric patients with inflamed hip
> Inability to bear weight
Temp > 38.5ºC
ESR > 40
WBC > 12,000
What is the most common ligamentous ankle injury? What is the mechanism of injury
Anterior talo-fibular ligament (ATFL) tear
> Forceful Inversion + plantarflexion of the foot
Forceful inversion of the foot in dorsiflexed position causes tears in what ligament?
Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL)
What are the 8 carpal bones
Palmar surface of R hand (Counter clockwise):
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Lunate
Scaphoid
Intrinsic muscles of the hand: Thenar
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Intrinsic muscles of the hand: Hypothenar
Opponens digiti minimi
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Attachments of the ACL and the PCL
ACL - Anterior tibial plateau > Lateral femoral intercondylar notch
PCL - Posterior tibial plateau > Medial femoral intercondylar notch
Blood and Nerve supply to the ACL
MGA-PAN
> Middle geniculate artery
> Posterior articular nerve
Mechanism of injury in ACL tear
Valgus force to an internally rotated knee in hyperextension
Most sensitive test for ACL tear
Lachman’s test
> 95% sensitivity
> Positive if with mushy endpoint
Most specific test for ACL tear
Pivot shift test
> 98% specificity
> Positive if with tibial subluxation
Components of the Pes anserinus
> Sartorius
Gracilis
Semitendinosus
Colles’ Fracture description
Fracture of the distal radius with dorsal displacement of the distal segment, wrist and hand
Smith’s Fracture description
Fracture of the distal radius with volar displacement of the distal segment, wrist, and hand
Monteggia fracture description
Fracture at the proximal ulna, with displacement of the proximal radial head
Galeazzi fracture description
Fracture at the distal radius with displacement of the DRUJ
Nerve affected in Colles’ fracture
Median nerve
Fracture of the distal third of the humerus causing entrapment of the radial nerve
Holstein Lewis’ fracture
CAVE deformity in clubfoot
Cavus of the midfoot
Adduction of the forefoot
Varus of the hindfoot
Equinus of the hindfoot
Casting method used to correct Talipes Equinovarus (Club foot)
Ponseti Casting method
Type of Union/Nonunion wherein there is absence of tenderness or motion at fracture site with no pain on loading
Clinical union
Type of Union/Nonunion wherein there is presence of visible bridging tabeculae on 3/4 cortices on X-ray
Radiologic Union
Type of Nonunion is caused by excessive strain at fracture site despite good blood supply
Hypertrophic Nonunion
Type of Nonunion that is caused by soft tissue damage, periosteal stripping, and has poor blood supply
Atrophic Nonunion
