Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Finals - Surgery > Orthopaedics > Flashcards

Orthopaedics Flashcards

1
Q

Signs of a Fracture

A
  • Bony Pain
  • Inability to weight bear
  • Decreased ROM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 principles of fracture management

A
  1. Resuscitate - pain, bleeding + neurovascular damage
  2. Reduce - restoring anatomical alignment
  3. Restrict - immobilising the fracture
  4. Rehabilitate - PT/OT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the stages of bone healing

A
  1. Haematoma
  2. Soft callous
  3. Hard callou
  4. Remodelled to cortical bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the X-ray classifications for bone (SOD)

A
  1. Site
  2. Oliquity
  3. Displacement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fracture X-ray: what to comment on about site

A
  • Which bone
  • Intra or Extra-articular
  • Which third of the bone (proximal, middle, distal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fracture X-ray: what to comment on about obliquity

A
  • Completeness of fracture
  • Direction: spiral, transverse (straight), oblique (at an angle)
  • Skin penetration: open or closed
  • Condition of bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fracture X-ray: what are the different conditions the bone can be in?

A
  • Comminuted: 2+ detached pieces
  • Segmented: 2 complete fractures in same bone
  • Multiple: several fracture lines
  • Impacted: compression of ends at break
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fracture X-ray: what to comment on about displacement

A

Describe distal end in relation to proximal

  • Translation: anterior/posterior or medial/lateral
  • Angulation
  • Rotation
  • Length distraction/shortening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Open fracture - Definition

A

Fracture with direct communication between skin + fracture site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Open fracture - Types

A

In-to-out: sharp bone penetrates out through skin

Out-to-in: high energy injury penetrates skin + bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Open fracture - Common sites

A
  • Tibial
  • Phalangeal
  • Forearm
  • Ankle
  • Metacarpal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Open fracture - What are the aspects to consider

A
  1. Skin: wound size
  2. Soft tissue: degree of muscle/tendon/ligament damage
  3. Neurovascular injury: compression/transection
  4. Infection: high risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Open Fracture - Initial Management

A

The 6 As

  1. Analgesia
  2. Assess NV status
  3. Antiseptics - swabs, irrigation, dressing)
  4. Alignment
  5. Anti-tetanus - check status
  6. Antibiotics - flucloxacillin + benzylpenicillin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Open Fracture - Definitive Management

A

Debridement + fixation in theatre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fracture Complications - Immediate

A
  • Neurovascular damage

- Haemodynamic instability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fracture Complications - Short term

A
  • Compartment syndrome
  • Infection
  • Fat embolism (esp. long bone fracture)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fracture Complications - Long term

A
  • Delayed union
  • Mal-union
  • Non-union: hypertrophic = wrong direction, atrophic = no growth
  • AVN
  • Growth + articular disturbances
  • Complex regional pain syndromes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Neck of Femur fracture: Cause

A
  • Low-impact (older people): fall

- High-impact: fall from height + road traffic accident

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the blood supply to the neck of femur

A
  • Retrograde supply

- Medial circumflex femoral artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neck of femur fracture: Garden classification

A

I: Non-displaced, incomplete fracture
II: Non-displaced, complete fracture
III: Partially displaced, complete fracture
IV: Fully displaced, complete fracture

21
Q

Neck of femur fracture: Clinical features

A

Hx of trauma –> followed by pain
- can be referred to groin + knee

Inability to weight bear

Shortened, externally rotated leg
Pain on pin-rolling + axial loading

22
Q

Neck of femur fracture: Investigations

A

X-ray in orthogonal views
CK: if long lie
Full femur X-ray: if pathological fracture suspected
Investigate underlying cause of fall

23
Q

Neck of femur fracture: Management

A

ABCDE approach
Analgesia

Surgery

  • Intra-capsular: hip replacement
  • Extra-capsular: dynamic hip screw
  • Sub-trochanteric: intramedullary nail
24
Q

What is a colle’s fracture

A

Extra-articular distal radial fracture

  • Caused by falling on outstretched hand
  • Dorsal: dorsal displacement + dorsal angulation
  • Avulsion (splitting) of ulnar styloid
  • ‘Dinner fork’ sign
25
What is a smith's fracture
Extra-articular distal radial fracture - "opposite of colle's" - Caused by falling on dorsiflexed hand - Volar: volar angulation +/- volar displacement
26
What is Weber's classification
For lateral malleolus fractures - Type A: below level of syndesmosis - Type B: at level of syndesmosis - Type C: above level of syndesmosis Higher up more unstable (i.e. Type C always needs surgery)
27
What is the syndosmosis
Ligament that connects the tibia + fibula
28
Osteomyelitis - Definition
Infection of the bone
29
Osteomyelitis - Cause
Most commonly staph. aureus
30
Osteomyelitis - Risk factors
DM Immunosuppression Alcohol excess IVDU (more likely to get P. aeruginosa)
31
Osteomyelitis - Clinical features
- Severe pain in region - Low grade fever - Immobility of affected area
32
Osteomyelitis - Investigations
- MRI: definitive (imaging) diagnosis | - Bone biopsy: gold standard diagnosis
33
Osteomyelitis - Management
Long-term antibiotics - IV flucloxacillin | Curettage of area - if continues to deteriorate
34
Septic Arthritis - Cause
Most commonly Staph. aureus
35
Septic Arthritis - Risk Factors
``` >80yrs Pre-existing joint disease/joint prosthesis DM/immunosuppression Chronic renal failure IVDU ```
36
Septic Arthritis - Clinical Features
Single, red, warm, swollen joint Pain on active + passive movement Pyrexia
37
Septic Arthritis - Investigation
Joint aspiration - Gold standard | Inflammatory markers
38
Septic Arthritis - Management
Medical: IV abx 2wks + PO abx 4-6wks Surgical: Irrigation + debridement Prosthetic joint: washout + revision surgery
39
Compartment syndrome - Definition
Critical pressure increase within a confined compartmental space
40
Compartment syndrome - Pathophysiology
Typically following: high-energy trauma, crush, fracture Fluid deposited in fixed fascial compartments causes increase in pressure
41
Compartment syndrome - Common areas
``` Leg Thigh Forearm Foot + Hand Buttock ```
42
Compartment syndrome - Clinical features
Severe pain disproportional to injury Parasthesis of distal compartment Affected compartment may feel tense
43
Compartment syndrome - Investigation
Clinical diagnosis Intra-compartmental pressure monitor CK: elevated/trending upwards
44
Compartment syndrome - Management
Immediate surgical treatment - urgent fasciotomy Pre-op: keep limb neutral, remove all dressings, high flow O2 Post-op: skin incisions left open for 24 hours
45
Osteoporosis - Pathophysiology
Characterised by: - Reduced bone mass - Michroarchitectural deterioration Three mechanisms - Failure to achieve adequate peak bone mass - Increase in bone resorption - Reduction in bone formation
46
Osteoporosis - Causes
``` Post-menopause Long-term steroid use Hyperthyroidism Malabsorption Osteomalacia Anorexia ```
47
Osteoporosis - Clinical features
Asymptomatic Fragility fractures: low-impact fractures or loss of height Thoracic kyphosis development
48
Osteoporosis - Investigations
DEXA scan - gold standard Bone turnover markers Bone profile Renal, Thyroid, Liver functions - underlying cause
49
Osteoporosis - Management
Conservative - reduce incidence of fractures: education + support - Vitamin C + D supplements - Exercise + weight loss Medical - Bisphosphonates sometimes used

Finals - Surgery (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions