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Surg > Orthopaedics > Flashcards

Orthopaedics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common paediatric hip condition?

Transient synovitis
SUFE
Perthe’s disease
DDH

A

Transient synovitis

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2
Q

Which gender is more commonly affected by Perthe’s disease and SUFE?

A

Male

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3
Q

Males age 10-15 yrs are most affected by which hip condition?

Transient synovitis
SUFE
Perthe’s disease
DDH

A

SUFE

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4
Q

Which scan method is used to assess Perthe’s disease and SUFE?

A

X-ray

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5
Q

Which scan method is used to assess DDH if needed?

A

USS

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6
Q

Name 3 risk factors for AVN of the femoral head.

A 
Steroids
Sickle cell
Alcoholism
Trauma
Osteoarthritis
HIV
Caisson disease (divers)
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7
Q

Which imagining modality is best for Avascular necrosis?

A

MRI

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8
Q

Femoroacetabular impingement leads to pain on which hip movement?

Internal rotation
External rotation
Extension

A

Internal rotation

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9
Q

What are the differentials for orthopaedic groin pain?

A

Osteoarthritis
Femoroacetabular impingement
Avascular necrosis
Tumour

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10
Q

Name 3 potential complications of THR and their chances of happening?

A 
Infection 1%
DVT 5%
Fatal PE 0.5%
Sciatic nerve pain 0.3%
Leg length deformity 25%
Dislocation <9%
Fracture 0.5%
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11
Q

SUFE can be treated by which surgery?

A

Fixation

Osteotomy

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12
Q

Name the 8 carpal bones of the wrist.

A 
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
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13
Q

The thenar, hypothenar, interosseous and lumbrical muscles are the _______ muscles of the hand.

A

Intrinsic

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14
Q

Loss of thumb abduction suggests a palsy in which nerve?

A

Median

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15
Q

The trapping of the median nerve under the flexor retinaculum happens in which condition?

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

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16
Q

A lateral ankle sprain occurs due to excessive ______ of the foot.

A

Inversion

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17
Q

What may occur as a complication of ankle sprain/ fracture, often years later?

A

Ankle arthritis

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18
Q

Gold standard surgical treatment for ankle arthritis is what?

A

Ankle arthodesis = joint fusion

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19
Q

Which nerve is trapped under the flexor retinaculum ligament in tarsal tunnel syndrome?

A

Posteior tibial nerve

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20
Q

Name 2 or more features found in a patient with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction.

A

Medial malleolar swelling and pain
Hindfoot valgus
“Too many toes” visible laterally
Pes planus (flat foot)

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21
Q

The plantar fascia connects the metatarsal bones to the _________.

A

Calcaneus

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22
Q

List a treatment ladder for plantar fasciitis.

A 
Exercises- stretching of tendon
Weight loss
Orthotics
ESWT shock wave therapy
Steroid injection (but increased risk tendon rupture)
Surgery- calf release
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23
Q

Eccentric loading means loading the muscle while it is _________.

A

Lengthening

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24
Q

Hallux valgus (bunion) is a deformity of which joint?

A

1st Metatarsophalangeal joint

25
Q

Hallux _____ is osteoarthritis of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint.

A

Rigidus

26
Q

Which toe movement is lost/ decreased in hallux ridigus?

A

Dorsiflexion

27
Q

Interdigital neuroma can be diagnosed using which imaging technique?

A

Ultrasound

28
Q

A callus affects which side of the foot?

A

Plantar

29
Q

A corn affects which side of the foot?

A

Dorsal

30
Q

The subtalar joint is the articulation between which 2 bones?

A

Talus

Calcaneus

31
Q

Name the 6 tendons and vessels that pass behind the medial malleolus of the foot under the flexor retinaculum.

A

Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Posterior tibial artery, vein and nerve
Flexor hallucis longus

32
Q

What are the 5 nerves that supply the foot?

A

Medial and lateral plantar
Sural
Saphenous
Medial calcaneal

33
Q

Acquired adult flat foot (Pes planus) is caused by dysfunction of which tendon?

A

Posterior tibial tendon

34
Q

Which 2 antibiotics are usually given for 6 weeks IV in patients with osteomyelitis?

A

Vancomycin

Cefotaxime

35
Q

Which rotator cuff muscles are responsible for external rotation?

A

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

36
Q

What are the 3 common phases of adhesive capsulitis?

A
  1. Painful phase (decreased shoulder abduction and decreased external rotation)
  2. Frozen phase (stiffness)
  3. Thawing phase (regain of movement)
37
Q

Cuff arthopathy is loss of cartilage and ________________.

A

Rotator cuff tears

38
Q

What test is used for a TUBS dislocation?

A

MRI

39
Q

What does AMBRI stand for?

A 
Atraumatic
Multidirectional
Bilateral
Rehabilitation
Internal capsule shift
40
Q

Which knee ligament is most commonly injured?

A

MCL

41
Q

Give 2 examples of why knee surgery may need revising?

A

Infection
Asceptic loosening
Instability
Periprosthetic fracture

42
Q

Patella maltracking occurs due to failure of which muscle?

A

Vastus medialis

43
Q

Which arteries supply the hip joint?

A

Medial and lateral circumflex

44
Q

Primary curvature of the spine involves the thoracic and sacral __________.

A

Kyphosis

45
Q

At what level is the conus medullaris?

A

L1/2

46
Q

Do IV discs have their own blood supply?

A

No

Rely on cartilagenous end plates

47
Q

Schueurmann’s disease is the commonest cause of __________ in 13-16 year olds.

Lordosis
Scoliosis
Kyphosis

A

Kyphosis

48
Q

Kyphosis is an excessive _______ spinal curvature over 40 degrees

A

Sagittal

49
Q

Give 2 features/ symptoms of cervical stenosis.

A
  1. UMN lesion = spasticity, hyper-reflexia, hypertonia, Babinski sign, clonus
  2. Loss of fine motor skills
  3. Broad based shuffling gait
  4. Upper limb radiculopathy
  5. Neck pain/ stiffness
  6. Pyramidal pattern weakness
50
Q

Give 2 features/ symptoms of lumbar stenosis.

A
  1. CNS signs are rare
  2. Spinal claudication
  3. Pain on extension
  4. Pain on walking
51
Q

What is the gold standard imaging method for suspected cauda equina?

A

MRI

52
Q

Metastatic cord compression (MSCC) usually affects which part of the spine?

A

Thoracic (70%)

53
Q

What is the gold standard imaging method for suspected metastatic cord compression?

A

MRI

54
Q

Pott’s disease is _____ of the spine.

A

TB

55
Q

Which vertebrae is usually displaced onto the one below it in spondylolithesis?

A

L5

56
Q

Which hand nerve supplies the interosseous, hypothenar and medial 2 lumbricals?

A

Ulnar

57
Q

Palsy of which nerve can lead to claw hand?

A

Ulnar

58
Q

Palsy of which nerve can lead to wrist drop?

A

Radial

59
Q

Tennis elbow involves pain on the _______ epicondyl.

A

Lateral

Surg (6 decks)

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