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Surgery (small) > Orthopaedic conditions > Flashcards

Orthopaedic conditions Flashcards

1
Q

what are the developmental diseases of the hip?

A

hip dysplasia
legs-calve-perthes disease

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2
Q

what animals are predisposed to hip dysplasia?

A

large breed dogs (German shepherds…)
devon rex cats

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3
Q

what is the pathogenesis of hip dysplasia?

A

laxity/instability of the hip joint due to poor soft tissue coverage leads to osteoarthritic changes and pain as femoral head hits acetabular rim

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4
Q

what two groups present with hip dysplasia?

A

immature (<12 month old) dogs
adults with osteoarthritis (secondary to hip dysplasia)

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5
Q

what are the clinical signs of hip dysplasia in the immature patient?

A

unilateral/bilateral hindlimb lameness
bunny-hopping
reluctance to exercise
pain when hips extended/flexed
positive ortolani (luxates when pressure applied)

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6
Q

what are the clinical signs of hip dysplasia in adult dogs?

A

stiffness after rest/exercise
bunny-hopping
typically bilateral
pain when manipulates and reduced range of motion

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7
Q

what primary radiographic changes are seen with hip dysplasia?

A

wide joint space (with medial divergence)
centre of femoral head sits lateral to dorsal acetabular edge

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8
Q

what secondary radiographic changes are seen with hip dysplasia?

A

new bone formation of femoral neck
remodelling of femoral head/neck
remodelling of cranial acetabular rim

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9
Q

how can hip dyplasia be treated conservatively?

A

analgesia (NSAIDs)
weight control
exercise and environment modification
nutritional management

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10
Q

how is hip dysplasia treated surgically?

A

young dogs - juvenile pubic symphisiodesis
all dogs - femoral head/neck excision
older dogs (>9 months) - total hip replacement

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11
Q

what breeds are predisposed to legg-calve-perthes disease?

A

small breeds (west highland white terrier)

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12
Q

what are the clinical signs consistent with leg-calve-perthes disease?

A

immature dog with unilateral lameness
pain and crepitus on manipulation

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13
Q

what is the pathogenesis of legs-calve-perthes disease?

A

ischaemia of femoral head leading to deformity and collapse within the acetabulum

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14
Q

how is legg-calve-perthes disease treated?

A

femoral head and neck excision
total hip replacement

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15
Q

what is capital physeal fractures?

A

fracture at the growth plate of the head of the femur

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16
Q

what animals are capital physeal fractures seen in?

A

young (<7 months old) with growth plate still open secondary to trauma

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17
Q

what pelvis fractures can be managed conservatively?

A

non-weight bearing (pubis, ischium, wing of ileum)

18
Q

what pelvic fractures need surgical treatment?

A

if weight bearing axis is involved (acetabulum, ipsilateral ilium/ischium/pubis, iliac shaft, sacroiliac joint)

19
Q

what is toe touching a clinical sign of in dogs?

A

cruciate ligament rupture

20
Q

what are some developmental disease of the stifle?

A

osteochondrosis dissicans
growth disturbances
patella luxation

21
Q

what are the two bands of the cranial cruciate ligament?

A

craniomedial and caudolateral

22
Q

which cruciate ligament is usually the first to rupture?

A

craniomedial

23
Q

how can you tell which cranial cruciate ligament has ruptured?

A

craniomedial is taut in flexion and extension
caudolateral is only taut in extension

24
Q

what causes cranial cruciate ligament rupture?

A

degeneration in older or predisposed breeds related to increased collagen metabolism
(trauma least likely cause)

25
Q

what breeds are predisposed to cranial cruciate ligament disease?

A

labradors and terrier breeds

26
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with cranial cruciate ligament disease?

A

chronic/acute onset lameness
flexed/toe-touching carriage of leg
stifle effusion
medial buttress
abnormal cranial drawer

27
Q

when is conservative treatment indicated for cranial cruciate ligament disease?

A

<15kg dogs

28
Q

what causes patellar luxation?

A

congenital/developmental issue or trauma

29
Q

what dogs is patellar luxation most commonly seen in?

A

toy and large breeds

30
Q

how is patellar laxation graded?

A
  1. intermittent luxation, immediate reduction
  2. frequent luxation, reduction not always immediate
  3. permanent luxation, reduction possible
  4. permanent luxation, reduction not possible
31
Q

how is patellar luxation treated?

A

conservative if no clinical signs (NSAIDs, exercise…)
surgical

32
Q

where is osteochondrosis dissicans seen in the stifle?

A

lateral/medial femoral condyle

33
Q

what are the clinical signs of osteochondrosis of the lateral/medial femoral condyle?

A

lameness from 5 months old
bilateral crouching gait
joint effusion and discomfort when palpated

34
Q

what are the two types of hip luxation?

A

craniodoral (trauma/dysplasia)
caudoventral (abduction of limb)

35
Q

what are the clinical signs of craniodorsal hip luxation?

A

internal rotation of limb
non-weight bearing
greater trochanter higher than normal

36
Q

what is the typical clinical signs of gastrocnemius enthesiopathy?

A

crabbed toe

37
Q

what are the weight bearing digits meaning only one can be amputated?

A

3 and 4

38
Q

what developmental disease are seen in the elbow?

A

medial coronoid disease
uninvited anconeal process
osteochondritis dissecans
elbow incongruency
humeral intracondylar fissure

39
Q

what four diseases are encompassed in elbow dysplasia?

A

medial coronoid disease
OCD of medial aspect of humeral condyle
ununited anconeal process
elbow incongruity

40
Q

what dogs is elbow dysplasia seen in?

A

labradors, rottweilers (popular medium/large breeds)

41
Q

what are the two types of elbow incongruency?

A

short radius
short ulna

42
Q

how do humeral intracondylar fissures present?

A

acute onset lameness (secondary to fractures)
chronic thoracic limb lameness
asymptomatic

Surgery (small) (14 decks)

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