Orthopaedic conditions Flashcards
what are the developmental diseases of the hip?
hip dysplasia
legs-calve-perthes disease
what animals are predisposed to hip dysplasia?
large breed dogs (German shepherds…)
devon rex cats
what is the pathogenesis of hip dysplasia?
laxity/instability of the hip joint due to poor soft tissue coverage leads to osteoarthritic changes and pain as femoral head hits acetabular rim
what two groups present with hip dysplasia?
immature (<12 month old) dogs
adults with osteoarthritis (secondary to hip dysplasia)
what are the clinical signs of hip dysplasia in the immature patient?
unilateral/bilateral hindlimb lameness
bunny-hopping
reluctance to exercise
pain when hips extended/flexed
positive ortolani (luxates when pressure applied)
what are the clinical signs of hip dysplasia in adult dogs?
stiffness after rest/exercise
bunny-hopping
typically bilateral
pain when manipulates and reduced range of motion
what primary radiographic changes are seen with hip dysplasia?
wide joint space (with medial divergence)
centre of femoral head sits lateral to dorsal acetabular edge
what secondary radiographic changes are seen with hip dysplasia?
new bone formation of femoral neck
remodelling of femoral head/neck
remodelling of cranial acetabular rim
how can hip dyplasia be treated conservatively?
analgesia (NSAIDs)
weight control
exercise and environment modification
nutritional management
how is hip dysplasia treated surgically?
young dogs - juvenile pubic symphisiodesis
all dogs - femoral head/neck excision
older dogs (>9 months) - total hip replacement
what breeds are predisposed to legg-calve-perthes disease?
small breeds (west highland white terrier)
what are the clinical signs consistent with leg-calve-perthes disease?
immature dog with unilateral lameness
pain and crepitus on manipulation
what is the pathogenesis of legs-calve-perthes disease?
ischaemia of femoral head leading to deformity and collapse within the acetabulum
how is legg-calve-perthes disease treated?
femoral head and neck excision
total hip replacement
what is capital physeal fractures?
fracture at the growth plate of the head of the femur
what animals are capital physeal fractures seen in?
young (<7 months old) with growth plate still open secondary to trauma
what pelvis fractures can be managed conservatively?
non-weight bearing (pubis, ischium, wing of ileum)
what pelvic fractures need surgical treatment?
if weight bearing axis is involved (acetabulum, ipsilateral ilium/ischium/pubis, iliac shaft, sacroiliac joint)
what is toe touching a clinical sign of in dogs?
cruciate ligament rupture
what are some developmental disease of the stifle?
osteochondrosis dissicans
growth disturbances
patella luxation
what are the two bands of the cranial cruciate ligament?
craniomedial and caudolateral
which cruciate ligament is usually the first to rupture?
craniomedial
how can you tell which cranial cruciate ligament has ruptured?
craniomedial is taut in flexion and extension
caudolateral is only taut in extension
what causes cranial cruciate ligament rupture?
degeneration in older or predisposed breeds related to increased collagen metabolism
(trauma least likely cause)
what breeds are predisposed to cranial cruciate ligament disease?
labradors and terrier breeds
what are the clinical signs associated with cranial cruciate ligament disease?
chronic/acute onset lameness
flexed/toe-touching carriage of leg
stifle effusion
medial buttress
abnormal cranial drawer
when is conservative treatment indicated for cranial cruciate ligament disease?
<15kg dogs
what causes patellar luxation?
congenital/developmental issue or trauma
what dogs is patellar luxation most commonly seen in?
toy and large breeds
how is patellar laxation graded?
- intermittent luxation, immediate reduction
- frequent luxation, reduction not always immediate
- permanent luxation, reduction possible
- permanent luxation, reduction not possible
how is patellar luxation treated?
conservative if no clinical signs (NSAIDs, exercise…)
surgical
where is osteochondrosis dissicans seen in the stifle?
lateral/medial femoral condyle
what are the clinical signs of osteochondrosis of the lateral/medial femoral condyle?
lameness from 5 months old
bilateral crouching gait
joint effusion and discomfort when palpated
what are the two types of hip luxation?
craniodoral (trauma/dysplasia)
caudoventral (abduction of limb)
what are the clinical signs of craniodorsal hip luxation?
internal rotation of limb
non-weight bearing
greater trochanter higher than normal
what is the typical clinical signs of gastrocnemius enthesiopathy?
crabbed toe
what are the weight bearing digits meaning only one can be amputated?
3 and 4
what developmental disease are seen in the elbow?
medial coronoid disease
uninvited anconeal process
osteochondritis dissecans
elbow incongruency
humeral intracondylar fissure
what four diseases are encompassed in elbow dysplasia?
medial coronoid disease
OCD of medial aspect of humeral condyle
ununited anconeal process
elbow incongruity
what dogs is elbow dysplasia seen in?
labradors, rottweilers (popular medium/large breeds)
what are the two types of elbow incongruency?
short radius
short ulna
how do humeral intracondylar fissures present?
acute onset lameness (secondary to fractures)
chronic thoracic limb lameness
asymptomatic
