Orthognathic, TMJ, Chin Flashcards
During genioglossus advancement, which of the following nerves innervates the affected muscle?
A) Facial nerve
B) Glossopharyngeal nerve
C) Hypoglossal nerve
D) Lingual nerve
E) Vagus nerve
The correct response is Option C.
During genioplasty or horizontal osteotomy of the mandible, the genioglossus muscle is identified after down fracture and separation of the mobile and nonmobile segments. The genioglossus muscle is not only a source of blood supply but also acts to advance the tongue during skeletal sleep apnea surgery and contributes to posterior pull on potential relapse of the mobilized chin segment. This important muscle is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve.
2018
During a Le Fort I osteotomy, the descending palatine artery is disrupted and ligated. The blood supply to the mobilized maxilla is primarily from which of the following arteries?
A) Ascending pharyngeal
B) Greater palatine
C) Internal maxillary
D) Lesser palatine
The correct response is Option A.
The vascular supply of the Le Fort I osteotomy segment was studied by utilizing standard latex injection techniques. Anatomic dissections of 10 fresh cadavers demonstrated interruption of the descending palatine arteries with preservation of the ascending palatine branch of the facial artery and the anterior branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery within the attached posterior palatal soft-tissue pedicle in all specimens following Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy. These ascending arterial branches entered the soft palate at a position approximately 1 cm posterior to the pterygomaxillary junction, which was disrupted during the Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy. Separate ink injections of total maxillary osteotomy segments confirmed vascular perfusion of the ipsilateral hemimaxillary segment by the ascending palatine artery. Thus vascular supply of the mobilized Le Fort I maxillary segment is by means of the ascending palatine branch of the facial artery and the anterior branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery in addition to the rich mucosal alveolar anastomotic network overlying the maxilla.
2018
Which of the following findings is most common in patients with vertical maxillary excess?
A) Counterclockwise rotation of the mandible
B) Excessive height in the upper half of the face
C) Mentalis strain
D) Posterior open bite
E) Retrusive midface
The correct response is Option C.
Vertical maxillary excess (VME), or long face syndrome, occurs when there is excessive (imbalanced) anterior facial height in the lower half of the face. The midface is relatively protrusive. Excessive eruption of the posterior dentition in the maxilla can cause clockwise rotation of the mandible. There is lip incompetence, excessive gingival show, and an effort to close the lips can result in mentalis strain. It is associated with an anterior open bite.
2017
Which of the following is the best method to treat maxillary transverse deficiency in a skeletally mature patient?
A) Mandibular setback (bilateral sagittal split osteotomy)
B) Maxillary advancement (Le Fort I advancement)
C) Orthopedic and orthodontic expansion
D) Reverse-pull headgear
E) Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion
The correct response is Option E.
Maxillary transverse deficiency (MTD) in the skeletally mature patient is best addressed with surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion (SARPE). In the young patient (before suture closure), orthopedic and orthodontic forces can be more easily used to correct the MTD.
Reverse-pull headgear does not aid in expansion in the skeletally mature patient.
One-piece Le Fort and bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) procedures address anterior-posterior discrepancies rather than transverse deficiencies.
2017
In a patient undergoing orthognathic surgery with preoperative class III malocclusion, which of the following anatomic relationships must be retained in order to optimize postoperative occlusion?
A) Centric relation and centric occlusion
B) Condylar seating
C) Maximal intercuspation
D) 2 mm of overbite
E) 2 mm of overbite and 2 mm of overjet
The correct response is Option A.
Centric occlusion is incorrect because centric occlusion (maximal intercuspation) without centric relation (condylar seating within the glenoid fossa) will not lead to reliable postoperative occlusion.
Maxillary occlusion plane angle is incorrect because the maxillary plane angle affects open bite tendency and is not a reliable measure of occlusion.
Gonial angle is incorrect because the gonial angle along with the mandible occlusal plane are better predictors of prognathism and open bite tendency and are not a reliable measure of occlusion.
Centric relation is incorrect because centric relation without centric occlusion will not lead to reliable postoperative occlusion.
Centric occlusion and centric relation is the correct response because maximal intercuspation (centric occlusion) coupled with proper mandible condylar position within the glenoid fossa (centric relation) is most likely to result in optimal occlusion after orthognathic surgery.
2016
Which of the following terms best describes the temporomandibular joint?
A) Ellipsoid (condyloid)
B) Gliding (arthrodial)
C) Hinge-sliding (ginglymoarthrodial)
D) Pivot (trochoid)
E) Saddle (ephippial)
The correct response is Option C.
The temporomandibular joint is classified as a ginglymoarthrodial joint since it has both hinge and sliding components during jaw opening. These functions take place in the two separate compartments in the joint, upper and lower, that are effectively separated by an articular disc. During the first 20 mm of jaw opening, the condyle rotates in the lower compartment (space between condylar head and articular disc) in a nearly pure hinge motion. For further opening to take place, the condyle translates (or shifts) forward with the articular disc through the upper compartment (space between the articular disc and the joint surface). The other options describe other joint configurations. Examples of each are: saddle, thumb basilar joint; pivot, atlas-axis (C1-2 neck); gliding, tarsal bones in the foot; ellipsoid, radiocarpal articulation.
2015
A 22-year-old woman comes to the office because she is unhappy with the appearance of the lower third of her face. On examination, she has a class II occlusion. Lateral cephalometric evaluation shows an SNA angle of 82 degrees (N 80-84), an SNB angle of 75 degrees (N 78-80), and an ANB angle of 7 degrees. Cranial base anatomy shows no abnormalities. Which of the following orthognathic procedures is most appropriate in this patient?
A) LeFort I maxillary advancement
B) LeFort I maxillary advancement with mandibular setback
C) Maxillary impaction
D) Sagittal split mandibular osteotomy with advancement
E) Sliding genioplasty
The correct response is Option D.
This patient has a skeletal class II deformity with a retrognathic mandible and normal maxillary projection. The SNA angle of 82 degrees (N 80-84) indicates a normally positioned maxilla relative to the cranial base, while the SNB angle of 75 degrees (N 78-80) indicates a retrognathic mandible relative to the cranial base. The ANB angle confirms the class II deformity (>4 degrees). A mandibular sagittal split osteotomy with advancement will correct this deformity.
Maxillary impaction is used to treat vertical maxillary excess.
LeFort I maxillary advancement will worsen this patient’s deformity.
2015
Which of the following cephalometric landmarks is included in the Frankfort horizontal plane?
A) Nasion
B) Pogonion
C) Point B
D) Porion
E) Sella turcica
The correct response is Option D.
The two cephalometric planes used most frequently in lateral cephalograms to describe and evaluate the cranial base are the Sella-nasion plane and the Frankfort horizontal plane. The Frankfort horizontal plane is defined by a line from the superior edge of the external auditory meatus (porion) to the inferior orbital meatus (orbitale). The SNA and SNB are angles used to describe the position of the maxilla and mandible, respectively. The SN refers to a line from the sella turcica to the nasion, while point A is on the maxilla and point B is on the mandible. The pogonion refers to the chin point.
2014
A 22-year-old woman comes to the office for evaluation of an abnormal bite. On physical examination, she has an anterior open bite, and the upper teeth are not exposed with the lips in repose. Cephalometric analysis shows a nasion (N) to anterior nasal spine (ANS) distance of 45 mm (N 52–57 mm), an ANS to menton (Me) distance of 63 mm (N 63–68 mm), and an N-ANS:ANS-Me ratio of 1:1.4 (N 1:1.2). All other measurements are within the reference ranges. Which of the following is the most appropriate surgical procedure for correction of this patient’s deformity?
A) Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy with downward repositioning
B) Le Fort II osteotomy with maxillary advancement
C) Naso-orbito-maxillary osteotomy
D) Perinasal osteotomy
E) Sagittal split osteotomy with mandibular setback
The correct response is Option A.
Le Fort I osteotomy with downward repositioning effectively lengthens the maxilla in cases of isolated vertical maxillary hypoplasia. The maxilla is repositioned vertically in its entirety or rotated downward, depending on whether or not the hypoplasia extends to the posterior maxilla. The goal is to close the anterior open bite and to restore facial height, allowing 3 to 4 mm of upper incisor to show with lips in repose.
Perinasal osteotomy is a procedure designed to lengthen the skeletal framework of the nose. It lengthens and increases nasal projection. It is therefore a suitable procedure for patients with nasomaxillary hypoplasia and a foreshortened nose, but with normal dental occlusion and facial height. It does not correct maxillary height or change the dental relationships.
Naso-orbito-maxillary osteotomy is a step beyond perinasal osteotomy, in that it corrects both the foreshortened and retruded nasal framework and maxillary hypoplasia horizontally and vertically. The entire osteotomized segment includes the central section of the maxilla from nasion to teeth, and from one internal orbital rim to the other. It can therefore close an anterior open bite when vertical maxillary insufficiency is a component of the deformity in addition to a retruded nasomaxillary complex. However, it would most likely shift the occlusion into class II if there were not also a horizontal deficiency of the maxilla. Therefore, it is not an appropriate procedure for the patient in the vignette because it would alter the naso-orbital region unnecessarily, and possibly cause a new deformity or abnormal relationship in this otherwise isolated vertical maxillary deficiency. The indications for a or a naso-orbito-maxillary osteotomy would overlap those for a Le Fort II osteotomy.
Le Fort II osteotomy is indicated for nasomaxillary hypoplasia with a recessed maxilla and class III malocclusion. This is frequently noted in patients with a history of cleft lip and palate. The same discussion used for the naso-orbito-maxillary osteotomy would apply here as well.
Sagittal split osteotomy is a procedure that modifies the mandible, permitting setback or advancement of the mandibular dentition when the cause of the malocclusion is mandibular hypoplasia or overdevelopment. It has no effect on the maxilla.
2014
Which of the following is the most common cause of temporomandibular joint ankylosis?
A) Bruxism
B) Congenital anomaly
C) Infection
D) Radiation
E) Trauma
The correct response is Option E.
The most common cause of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is trauma. It usually occurs after untreated or inadequately treated mandibular fractures. Damage to the articular surface of the TMJ is the most common factor seen. In children, this can lead to growth disturbances ultimately requiring orthognathic surgery. Otherwise, joint replacement and repair may be indicated in adults. In the antibiotic era, infection is a rare cause. Congenital anomalies, bruxism, and radiation are less common.
2014
A 35-year-old woman is referred for evaluation of jaw pain. She reports a history of clicking and popping in her jaw particularly when chewing gum. She denies any history of trauma. Physical examination shows class I occlusion with a midline chin point. She has normal intra-oral opening. Which of the following diagnostic imaging techniques will provide the best sensitivity and specificity to evaluate her temporomandibular joint?
A) Arthrography
B) CT scan
C) Dynamic MRI
D) Fluoroscopy
E) Ultrasonography
The correct response is Option C.
This patient has subluxation of the disc causing her popping and subsequent pain. The study ordered must evaluate her for internal derangement of the disc related to the joint.
All of the listed imaging techniques have been used to evaluate temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease. MRI is considered the gold standard for evaluation of the TMJ, particularly when evaluating the joint-disc relationship.
X-ray studies are indicated in the presence of trauma and would not provide the appropriate detail to determine the causes of this patient’s problems. CT scans are more sensitive and specific than conventional x-ray studies at determining bony abnormalities.
CT scan has a definite role in evaluation of patients with TMJ problems. CT scan should be enlisted when diagnosing bony abnormalities. It is useful in the diagnosis of ankylosis, osseous changes (e.g., idiopathic condylar resorption, or condylar hypoplasia seen in congenital anomalies such as Treacher Collins syndrome), or traumatic deformities. CT scan does not determine the location of the disc, so it would not be the appropriate imaging technique for this patient.
Arthrography is an invasive procedure and would not be performed for initial diagnosis. It can be combined with MRI to evaluate for adhesions or perforations.
Given its low cost and availability, ultrasonography of the TMJ has received increased attention in diagnosing internal derangement of the disc. Recent studies have reported a sensitivity of 65.8% and a specificity of 80.4% when compared with MRI. Ultrasonography was reported to be accurate in diagnosing normal disc position and the presence of abnormal disc-joint relationships but was less effective in evaluating disc displacement with or without reduction of the disc. Ultrasonography-guided arthrocentesis has been employed to decrease patient discomfort and multiple attempts to enter the joint space.
2019
A 23-year-old woman seeks improvement in the appearance of her smile. A Le Fort I osteotomy is planned for correction of maxillary excess. Which of the following arteries is at increased risk for injury during this procedure?
A) Ascending pharyngeal artery
B) Descending palatine artery
C) Infraorbital artery
D) Posterior superior alveolar artery
E) Sphenopalatine artery
The correct response is Option B.
The blood supply to the maxilla before Le Fort I osteotomy is from the descending palatine, infraorbital, and posterior superior alveolar arteries, which are branches of the internal maxillary artery off the external carotid artery. When performing a Le Fort I osteotomy, the descending palatine artery runs vertically in the posterior maxilla and is at risk of injury.
After Le Fort I osteotomy, the blood supply to the maxilla is from the ascending palatine artery, which is a branch of the facial artery, off the external carotid artery and the palatine branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery, off the external carotid artery.
2019
Which of the following best describes the normative percentage of the lower third of the face from subnasal to menton when compared to the upper face and mid face?
A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%
E) 50%
The correct response is Option C.
The face may be divided into horizontal thirds. The upper third extends from the hairline to the glabella, the middle third from the glabella to the subnasale and the lower third from the subnasale to the menton. These facial thirds are rarely equal. If proportions are to be used in orthodontic/orthognathic surgical planning, they should be used only as general guidelines alongside other well-established treatment planning methods.
2019
A 30-year-old woman comes to the office to discuss surgical augmentation of the chin. Which of the following outcomes is most likely in this patient if a porous polyethylene prosthesis is used instead of a solid silicone rubber prosthesis?
A) Increased incidence of bone resorption
B) Increased incidence of infection
C) Increased ingrowth of tissue
D) Increased likelihood of malposition
E) Reduced resorption of the implant
The correct response is Option C.
Porous polyethylene implants have enough rigidity to resist soft-tissue deforming forces but enough flexibility to facilitate placement. The pore size (diameter of 100 to 250 ?m) of porous polyethylene used in facial augmentation procedures is sufficient to allow fibrous tissue ingrowth and relative incorporation of the prostheses. This avoids the capsule formation intrinsic to smooth-surface implants which is the result of the host’s foreign body response. This superficial tissue integration makes porous polyethylene facial prostheses less likely to migrate after implantation than solid silicone prostheses, but it also makes their explantation more difficult compared with solid silicone prostheses.
Silicone rubber has a smooth surface and is relatively flexible, making implant placement and removal beneath the soft-tissue envelope easier.
Neither porous polyethylene nor silicone prostheses are resorbed after implantation. Two recent studies reported on a total of 53 patients undergoing chin augmentation with silicone implants. The authors found 55% of those patients experienced underlying bone resorption during the 20 month follow-up period based on lateral radiographs.
2020
A 33-year-old woman presents to the office for evaluation of facial pain. Physical examination shows that she has facial pain, temporomandibular joint clicking, and an anterior open bite. Which of the following is the most common physical examination finding of temporomandibular joint dysfunction?
A) Dental pain
B) Jaw deviation with mouth opening
C) Malocclusion
D) Masseter hypertrophy
E) Pain on palpation of the muscles of mastication
The correct response is Option E.
The most common age at presentation for temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is 20 to 40 years, and it is more common in women than men. Occlusal abnormalities, such as open bite, have not been shown to be a major cause of TMD, as is evidenced by the lack of response to occlusal correction therapy. Pain on palpation of the muscles of mastication is the most consistent clinical sign seen with TMD. Localized dental pain is not often a feature of TMD. Masseter hypertrophy is associated with bruxism.
2020
The lateral cephalogram shown has a normal SNB angle of 80 degrees. These cephalometric findings are most consistent with which of the following?
A) Angle class II malocclusion
B) Mandibular prognathia
C) Maxillary retrusion
D) Overjet
E) Vertical maxillary excess
The correct response is Option C.
SNA, SNB, and ANB are standard measures taken on a lateral cephalogram to assess the absolute and comparative position of the mid face (point A, maxilla) and the lower jaw (point B, mandible) relative to the cranial base (SN, sella-nasion). The normal values for and relationship of these angular measurements are well-established and can vary with age, ethnicity, and other patient variables. In this cephalogram, SNB is given as normal and, thus, the mandibular position is not prognathic by definition. SNA is normally 2 to 3 degrees greater than SNB, but in this image, it is considerably less than SNB (negative ANB), indicating significant midfacial retrusion.
Overjet describes the relationship of the incisors wherein the top central incisors are anterior to the lower incisors in the sagittal plane; this is not seen in this image. The patient’s incisors are positioned edge-to-edge or at slightly negative overjet. Class II malocclusion is defined by the relationship of the maxillary and mandibular first molars, ie, the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar rests anterior to the buccal grove of the first mandibular molar in occlusion. This relationship is not found in this image. Lastly, vertical maxillary excess, also called long face syndrome, is excess vertical maxillary length. These patients often present with a gummy smile and an under-projected (recessed) chin point due to autorotation of the mandible. The maxilla in this patient is vertically undergrown.
2023
