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ISCE RESIT > ORTHO/IOTN - STATION 1 > Flashcards

ORTHO/IOTN - STATION 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Point S indicates what

A

Sella (S) The midpoint of the sella turcica (pituitary fossa)

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2
Q

Point N indicates what

A

Nasion (N) The most anterior point on the fronto-nasal suture

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3
Q

Pont ANS indicates what

A

Anterior Nasal Spine (ANS) The tip of the anterior nasal spine

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4
Q

Point PNS indicates what

A

Posterior Nasal Spine (PNS) The tip of the posterior nasal spine

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5
Q

Point A indicates what

A

A point (A) The point of the deepest concavity anteriorly on the maxillary alveolus

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6
Q

Point B indicates what

A

B point (B) The point of the deepest concavity anteriorly on the mandibular symphysis

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7
Q

point Pog indicates wha

A

Pogonion (Pog) The most anterior point on the mandibular symphysis

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8
Q

point M indicates what

A

Menton (Me) The most inferior point on the mandibular symphysis

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9
Q

point Gn indicates what

A

Gnathion (Gn) The most anterior, inferior point on the mandibular symphysis

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10
Q

point Go indicates what

A

Gonion (Go) The most posterior, inferior point on the mandibular angle

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11
Q

Point O indicates what

A

Orbitale (Or) The most anterior, inferior point on the infraorbital rim

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12
Q

point Po indicates what

A

Porion (Po) The upper midpoint point on the external auditory meatus

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13
Q

the frankfort horizontal line/plane involves which points on the lateral cephalogram

A

Point O to Po

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14
Q

what is the name of the plane demonstrated by a line through the gonion and menton?

A

Mandibular Plane (MnPl)

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15
Q

what is the name of the plane demonstrated by a line through the anterior and posterior nasal spines

A

Maxillary Plane (MxPl)

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16
Q

what is the mean value and standard deviation of the SNA angle, what does the SNA angle represent?

A

SNA angle = 81˚±3˚

This angle represents the relative anterioposterior position of the maxilla to the cranial base

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17
Q

what is the mean value and standard deviation of the SNB angle, what does the SNB angle represent?

A

78˚±3˚

This angle represents the relative anterioposterior position of the mandible to the cranial base

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18
Q

what is the mean value and standard deviation of the ANB angle, what does the ANB angle represent?

A

This angle represents the relative anterioposterior position of the maxilla to the mandible and can be used to determine skeletal class.

ANB = 3˚±2˚

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19
Q

what is the inter-incisal angle

A

The angle between the long axis of the maxillary incisors and the long axis of the mandibular incisors

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20
Q

what is the mean value and standard deviation for the inter-incisal angle

A

Inter-incisal angle

135˚±10˚

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21
Q

what is the mean value and standard deviation for the maxillary-mandibular plane angle (MMPA) angle

A

The angle formed between the Maxillary Plane and Mandibular Plane

MMPA = 27˚±4˚

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22
Q

what is the maxillary incisor inclination

what is the mean value and standard deviation for the maxillary incisal inclination

A

The angle between the maxillary plane and the axis of the maxillary incisors

109˚±6˚

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23
Q

what is the mandibular incisor inclination

what is the mean value and standard deviation for the mandibular incisal inclination

A

The angle between the mandibular plane and the axis of the mandibular incisors

93˚±6˚

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24
Q

If the angle of the ANB is between 2-4°

what is the skeletal pattern

A

the anteroposterior skeletal pattern is largely considered to be Class I

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25
Q

If the angle of the ANB is less 2°

what is the skeletal pattern

A

the anteroposterior skeletal pattern is largely considered to be Class III

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26
Q

If the angle of the ANB is greater 4°

what is the skeletal pattern

A

the anteroposterior skeletal pattern is largely considered to be Class II

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27
Q

Assessment of the position of each jaw relative to the cranial base gives an indication of which jaw may be contributing to a?

A

malocclusion

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28
Q

The most anterior part of the maxilla and the mandible can be palpated in the midline through the base of the lips. The relationship of the mandible relative to the maxilla can be classified as

A

Class I – when the mandible lies 2–3 mm posterior to the maxilla. The profile is straight.

Class II – when the mandible is retrusive relative to the maxilla. The profile is convex. The discrepancy should also be classified as mild, moderate or severe.

Class III – when the maxilla is retrusive relative to the mandible. The profile is concave. The discrepancy should also be classified as mild, moderate or severe.

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29
Q

Vertically in the frontal view, the face can be split into thirds. What are they

A

Lower anterior face height (LAFH) also known as the Menton

Middle face height also known as Glabella (should be approx. equal to the LAFH)

Trichion upper third

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30
Q

Where is the mandibular plane?

A

Is the plane that starts at the menton to the angle of mandible

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31
Q

Which of the dental arches should be slightly wider that the other?

A

The maxilla

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32
Q

What is a cross bite?

A

A crossbite is a type of malocclusion, or misalignment of teeth, where upper teeth fit inside of lower teeth. This misalignment can affect a single tooth or groups of teeth, involving the front teeth, back teeth or both

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33
Q

What are the 5 main types of cross bites?

A
  1. Anterior crossbite
  2. Posterior crossbite
  3. Single tooth crossbite
  4. Unilateral crossbite
  5. Bilateral crossbite
34
Q

What is anterior crossbite

A

In this condition, one or more upper front teeth are positioned behind the lower front teeth, according to the American Association of Orthodontists. This condition is distinct from an underbite, in which all of the top teeth or jaw are positioned behind the bottom teeth.

35
Q

What is a posterior crossbite

A

In a normal bite, the upper back teeth sit slightly outside of lower back teeth. However, in a posterior crossbite, it’s the opposite—the upper back teeth sit inside the lower back teeth

36
Q

What is a bilateral crossbite?

A

A bilateral crossbite affects the back teeth of both sides of your jaws. In this condition, the top back teeth are situated inside of the bottom back teeth

37
Q

What is the most common reason for a bilateral crossbite

A

Often result of the upper jaw being underdeveloped

38
Q

What is unilateral posterior crossbite?

A

A unilateral crossbite involves misalignment on only one side of your mouth. A unilateral posterior crossbite is where only one side of the mouth has the top back teeth sitting inside the bottom back teeth

39
Q

the readings of lateral cephalogram show measurements of the SNA at 85° what does this indicate

A

the maxilla is prognathic

normal range 81˚±3˚

40
Q

the readings of lateral cephalogram show measurements of the SNA at 78° what does this indicate

A

the maxilla is retrognathic

normal range 81˚±3˚

41
Q

the readings of lateral cephalogram show measurements of the SNB at 82° what does this indicate

A

the mandible is prognathic

normal range is 78˚±3˚

42
Q

the readings of lateral cephalogram show measurements of the SNB at 75° what does this indicate

A

the mandible is retrognathic

normal range is 78˚±3˚

43
Q

the lateral cephalogram shows that there is an upper incisor angle of 115° what does this indicate

A

the upper incisors are proclined

normal range is 109˚±6˚

44
Q

the lateral cephalogram shows that there is an upper incisor angle of 101° what does this indicate

A

the upper incisors are retroclined

normal range is 109˚±6˚

45
Q

what landmarks are used to measure the U1 angle

A

maxillary plane angle (PNS to ANS) with a vertical line in the central incisor intersecting it.

46
Q

the lateral cephalogram shows that there is an lower incisor angle of 99° what does this indicate

A

proclined lower incisors

normal range is 93˚±6˚

47
Q

the lateral cephalogram shows that there is an lower incisor angle of 87° what does this indicate

A

retroclined lower incisors

normal range is 93˚±6˚

48
Q

vertical relationships are generally assessed by looking at the

A

MMPA

49
Q

what causes an overbite

A

largely genetic

Using pacifiers late into a child’s development and finger or thumb sucking are all causes of an overbite

50
Q

How would you position yourself to assess the vertical skeletal pattern on a patient?

A

In front of them

51
Q

Assessment of the lip in relation to the teeth is done at two points:

A

lips at rest and lips whilst smiling

52
Q

During rest of the lips what two things should you see?

A

Lips should touch each other or at most should show 1-2 upper teeth.

53
Q

During rest if the lips are touching each other or maximum two teeth are showing we would refer to this as?

A

Competent lip

54
Q

If the lips are apart during rest and is showing more than 4mm of teeth, what would we refer to this as?

A

Incompetent lip

55
Q

What are the most common reasons for an incompetent lip?

A

Proclined or protruded front teeth

56
Q

On smile for males how much of the incisors would you expect to see?

A

Full length of the incisor

57
Q

On smile for females how much of the incisors would you expect to see?

A

Full length of the incisors plus 1-2mm of the gingiva is considered a youth full smile

58
Q

Sometime in females, there is an increased exposure of the gingiva known as gummy smile, what is the common reason for this?

A

Increase vertical growth of the maxilla or short length of the upper lip

59
Q

It is common to see patients with mix dentition, so it is important to be able to differentiate between primary and secondary tooth. What can you do to help aid in deciding if it is primary or secondary?

A

If the tooths presence co-relates with the patient’s age

Check to see if it is firm or mobile

60
Q

From what age onwards is it important to assess the position of the maxillary canines?

A

10 years onwards. Should be palpable above the deciduous canines

61
Q

If you cannot palpate the maxillary canines at age 10 years what would, you do to locate them?

A

Take an x-ray to locate their position

62
Q

what are the 4 things that are assessed for the lower labial segment?

A

Inclination/aligned/crowded/spaced

63
Q

How would you describe this image?

A

Bi-maxillary proclination

64
Q

What are the severity parameters for crowding?

A

0-4 mm – mild

4-8 mm – moderate

> 8 mm – severe

65
Q

What type of analysis is required when the primary molars and canines are still present?

A

Mix dentition analysis

66
Q

What would you expect to see with someone who has nickel allergy suffering from contact dermatitis?

A

Rash or bumps on the skin.

Itching, which may be severe.

Redness or changes in skin color.

Dry patches of skin that may resemble a burn.

Blisters and draining fluid in severe cases

67
Q

What habits do you need to be aware when taking an orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning sheet?

A

Digit or finger sucking

Dummy sucking

Nail biting

Mouth breathing

68
Q

What’s the normal nasolabial angle?

A

90-110 degree

69
Q

What are the causes for generalised spacing?

A

Missing teeth

Microdontia

Jaw size – tooth size

discrepancy

Periodontal problems

Macroglossia

Habits

70
Q

if a permanent canine hasn’t erupted yet, what would you expect to see clinically?

A

Non-appearance of permanent canine clinically by its eruption age

Presence of antimere (no symmetry)

Presence of anterior spacing for a long period

Persistent median diastema

Abnormal morphology of lateral incisors or presence of peg laterals

Improper angulations of adjacent teeth

71
Q

When do permanent canines erupt?

A

Between 9 – 13 years

72
Q

Bulge of permanent canine could be palpated buccally above the deciduous canine when?

A

2-3 years before its eruption.

73
Q

What is the purpose of occlusal radiographs?

A

Occlusal X-rays show the roof or floor of the mouth and are used to find extra teeth, teeth that have not yet broken through the gums, jaw fractures, a cleft palate, cysts, abscesses or growths.

74
Q

How does the SLOB principle work?

A

If the object has moved on the same as that of the x-ray tube it is lingually placed and if it has moved on the opposite side, it is on the buccal side.

75
Q

What are the factors influencing the treatment decision of an impacted canine?

A

Position of canine favourable or unfavourable

Age of patient

Availability of space

Presence of adequate width of attached gingiva

76
Q

What do the grades for the IOTN mean?

A
  1. Grade 1 = no or little treatment

Grade 2 = no or little treatment

Grade 3 = borderline need

Grade 4 = need treatment

Grade 5 = need treatment

77
Q

What does MOCDO stand for?

A

DHC only the most severe single occlusal trait is recorded

M = missing
O = overjet
C = crossbite
D = Displacement
O = Overbite

78
Q

how might you be able to provide relief to a ulcer from trauma from an orthodontic appliance

A

relief is achievable with the use of topical anaesthetic directly applied to the site with a microbrush. The patient can then be advised to re-apply topical anaesthetic to the lesion as required

Antiseptic mouthwashes, such

as chlorhexidine, may be a useful aid in managing ulcerations

79
Q

what is orthodontic wax

A

orthodontic wax

pliable material that can be used to cover prominent components of the orthodontic appliance to prevent it from irritating the soft tissue

80
Q

how do you manage trapped food in orthodontic appliance

A

This is easily treated using dental floss or an interdental brush to gently remove the food from between the tooth and the appliance

81
Q

Regardless of the symptoms,

a patient should always be referred to the Accident and Emergency (A+E) department at a local hospital when the ingested component is more than how many cm long

A

component is more than 5 cm long as there is a higher risk of obstruction and perforation of the gastrointestinal tract, so removal may be advised instead of allowing the component to pass naturally. It is important when a patient is sent to the hospital that the referral letter includes information about the component, such as its size, shape, flexibility and radio-opacity, as well as information about the incident, such as when the object was swallowed. This will help in locating the component and predicting the outcome.

ISCE RESIT (4 decks)

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