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Year 10 Science > origins of the universe > Flashcards

origins of the universe Flashcards

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1
Q

List of planets and other celestial bodies in the solar system

A
  1. Sun
  2. Mercury
  3. Venus
  4. Earth
  5. Mars
  6. Asteroid belt
  7. Jupiter
  8. Saturn
  9. Uranus
  10. Neptune
  11. Kuiper Belt
  12. Oort cloud
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2
Q

Which galaxy is our solar system in

A

Milky way- a spiral galaxy

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3
Q

Galaxy definition

A

A collection of billions of stars held together by the force of gravity

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4
Q

Day definition

A

The time it takes for the Earth to complete 1 full rotation around its axis

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5
Q

Year definition

A

The time it takes the Earth to complete 1 full revolution around the Sun

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6
Q

Geocentric view of the universe

A

The Earth is the centre of the Universe and everything else orbits it in rings called heavens

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7
Q

Heliocentric view of the universe

A

Sun is the centre of the Universe

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8
Q

Modern view of the Universe

A
  1. There is no centre of the Universe
  2. The Universe is changing over time
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9
Q

Definition of a star

A

A gaseous spherical object of large mass that produces heat and light through nuclear fusion

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10
Q

Constellation definition

A

A group of stars that form a pattern in the night sky

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11
Q

Hubble’s law

A

V=HoD
Ho= Hubble’s constant (70km/s/mpc)
V in k/s
D in mpc
Hubble found that the further a galaxy was from Earth, the faster it was moving away from Earth

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12
Q

Evidence for the Big Bang

A
  1. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
  2. Redshift
  3. The amount of helium in the Universe
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13
Q

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

A
  • light/ radiation left over from when the early Universe was very hot
  • detectable in all directions
  • light has been stretched to the microwave part of the spectrum
  • Wavelength of CMB corresponds to a temperature of 2.7K (-270 degrees C)- the temperature of the Universe
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14
Q

Redshift

A
  • Galaxies are moving away from us (the universe is expanding)
  • This causes the light we see to be stretched to the red end of the spectrum
  • If we rewind the Universe, it all started in one single point
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15
Q

Amount of helium

A
  • Stars are the only place in the current universe that is hot and dense enough to fuse hydrogen atoms into helium
  • But, there is too much helium in the Universe to be made by stars alone
  • The only other time where the Universe was hot and dense enough to make helium was in the Big Bang
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16
Q

Criteria of a planet

A

A celestial body that:
1. Orbits a star (sun)
2. Has enough mass that its self-gravity pulls it into a spherical shape
3. Has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit

17
Q

Why is Pluto no longer considered a planet

A

Did not meet criteria #3- clearing the neighbourhood around its orbit

18
Q

Lightyear

A

1 ly= the distance you can travel in a year at the speed of light
- Used to measure the distance between stars in the same galaxy

19
Q

Astronomical Unit

A

1 AU= The distance between the Earth and the Sun
- Used for measuring distances within our solar system

20
Q

Parsec

A

d=1/p
d is distance in pc
p is the parallax angle
- Parsecs are used to measure the distance to far away galaxies or stars

21
Q

Parallax angle

A
  • Used to calculate the parsec distance
  • Measures the distance to stars by using its background stars
  • Measure at 2 points of the year, 6 months apart
22
Q

Apparent magnitude

A

How bright (large) an object appears

23
Q

Absolute magnitude

A

How bright (large) an object is, corrected for distance

24
Q

Spectral class

A

OBAFGKM (hottest to coldest)

25
Q

X-axis of a HR diagram

A
  • Based on the wavelength of light
    Short wavelengths (blue) on the left
    Long wavelengths (red) on the right
    Labelled as temperature (K)
26
Q

Life cycle of a star <8M.

A
  1. Gas nebula
  2. Main sequence star
  3. Red giant
  4. Planetary nebula
  5. White dwarf
27
Q

Life cycle of a star >8M.

A
  1. Gas nebula
  2. Main sequence star
  3. Red supergiant
  4. Supernova
  5. If core <3M.: Neutron star
    If core >3M.: Black Hole
28
Q

Ways the earth can end

A
  1. Hit by a meteorite
  2. Anihillation by the sun
  3. Supernova explosion
29
Q

Hit by a meteorite

A
  • Asteroid hits earth, causing catastrophic events
  • Including tsunamis, firestorms and dust in the atmosphere, blocking sunlight and wiping out life
30
Q

Annihilation by the sun

A
  • When the sun swells into a red giant, during its natural life cycle it will engulf Mercury, Venus, Mars, and possibly Earth
  • This will be the end of the Earth
31
Q

Supernova explosion

A
  • Nearby star becomes a supernova, creating shockwaves
  • Radiation/ light from this explosion could kill life on nearby planets
32
Q

Ways the universe can end

A
  • Big crunch
  • Big rip
  • Big freeze
33
Q

The big freeze

A
  • If the density is just right, the Universe will keep expanding but a slower rate
    • Everything will be so spread out and stars will run out of fuel that in the end only black holes will be left
    • They will eventually evaporate, and the Universe will be empty of all matter and energy
      This means there is no more heat left and the heat death of the Universe will have occurs
34
Q

The big crunch

A
  • High density
    • Gravity wins out over the repulsive force expanding the Universe and eventually pull everything back into a very hot, dense Universe
35
Q

The big rip

A
  • Low density
  • Gravity is too weak to stop the expansion of the Universe
  • It will keep expanding faster and faster until it rips apart- including atoms and sub-atomic particles
36
Q

Jovian planets

A
  • Gas planets (giants)
  • Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
37
Q

Terrestial planets

A
  • Rocky planets, usually smaller than jovian planets
  • Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

Year 10 Science (2 decks)

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