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History - French Revolution > Origins Of The Revolution > Flashcards

Origins Of The Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the 4 long term causes of the French Revolution? [4]

A

Structure of Royal Government
Taxation System
Structure of French Society
Enlightenment

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2
Q

What is meant by Absolute Monarchy?

A

The monarch is not limited by any representative body, such as en elected parliament

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3
Q

What position was in charge of Louis’ finances?

A

The Controller-General

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4
Q

What were Intendants?

A

Officials directly appointed by and answerable to the Crown. Responsible for police, justice, trade and industry

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5
Q

What were generalities?

A

The areas which France was divided into for the purpose of collecting taxes and other administrative functions

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6
Q

How many generalities were there in France

A

34

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7
Q

What was the problem with Louis XVI as an absolute monarch?

A

He was weak and indecisive

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8
Q

What was tax farming and why was it inefficient?

A

A system where the government agrees a tax figure for an area which is then collected by a company that bids for the right to collect it.

Inefficient as these companies kept a lot for themselves

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9
Q

What was the taille?

A

Land tax

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10
Q

Who was appointed Controller General in 1774 and what did they try to abolish?

A

Turgot, tried to abolish guilds and the corvee

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11
Q

Why was the first estate unpopular? [4]

A

Tithe
Plurality and absenteeism
Tax exemptions
Power over the people

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12
Q

What was plurality?

A

Bishops holding more than diocese

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13
Q

What did the Church pay instead of taxes?

A

Don Gratuit, around 5% of the Churches income

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14
Q

How many nobles were there in 1789?

A

Between 110,000 and 350,000

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15
Q

How could you join the nobility? [2]

A

Directly appointed by the King

Buying a venal office that came with a hereditary title

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16
Q

How many venal offices were there?

A

12,000

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17
Q

How many bourgeoisie were there by the end of the 18th century?

A

2.3 million

18
Q

Why did the bourgeoisie resent the political system?

A

They felt that their wealth and the amount of taxation they paid should be represented in the political system, but it wasn’t

19
Q

What % of the population did the peasants comprise?

A

85%

20
Q

How much did prices of food increase by between 1726 and 1789?
How much did wages increase by between 1726 and 1789?

A

65%

22%

21
Q

What was the enlightenment?

A

An intellectual movement of writers and thinkers. Challenges widely accepted concepts, such as religion, nature and absolute monarchy. Based on reason and rational thought

22
Q

What were the main short term causes of the revolution? [4]

A

Foreign policy
Financial crisis
Political crisis
Economic crisis

23
Q

When was the seven years war?

A

1756 - 1763

24
Q

When was the American War of Independence and why was it damaging for Louis XVI? [3]

A

1776-1783
Cost a lot of money
Exposed French soldiers to ideas of democracy

25
Q

Who declared that Louis’ government was on the verge of bankruptcy and when?

A

Calonne on 20th August 1786

26
Q

What was the government deficit of 1786?

A

£112 million livres

27
Q

What were the two main reasons for the financial crisis?

A

War - spending too much and having to raise loans

Tax - inefficient method of tax farming

28
Q

Who proposed financial reforms in 1786 and what were they?

A

Calonne

  • Replace capitation and vingtieme with a single land tax
  • Stimulate the economy by abandoning controls on grain and abolishing internal customs barriers
  • Restore national confidence so short term loans could be raised
29
Q

Who looked over Calonnes reforms and when did they do it?

A

An Assembly of Notables in February 1787

30
Q

What did the Assembly of Notables rule in relation to Calonnes reforms?

A

Rejected them, claiming that only an Estates-General could approve them

31
Q

Brienne replaced Calonne as controller-general. What reforms did he propose? [5]

A 
End to venal offices
New central treasury
Religious reform
Educational reform
Reforming the army to make it less expensive
32
Q

Who rejected Briennes reforms and what were the consequences?

A

Paris parlement, exiled to Troyes on 15th August

33
Q

In reaction to the Paris parlement being exiled, what size don gratuit did the Church vote?

A

Less than a quarter of the size requested by the crown

34
Q

When did Louis agree to summon the Estates General and for what date?

A

August 1788 for the 1st May 1789

35
Q

When did Brienne suspend all payments from the Crown treasury?

A

16tg August 1788

36
Q

What caused a bad harvest in 1788?

A

Very wet spring and freak hailstones

37
Q

What were the effects of a poor harvest in 1788? [2]

A
  • lower demand for manufactured goods, as more money had to spent on food
  • increase in the price of bread
38
Q

During the winter of 1788-9, what % of a daily labourers wage would be spent on bread?

A

88%

39
Q

How far did production in the textiles industry fall by?

A

50%

40
Q

What foreign negotiation had affected the textile industry?

A

The Eden Treaty of 1786 with Britain, which allowed imports of British goods,including textiles, at a reduced rate of import duties

41
Q

Who did ordinary people blame for food shortages?

A

Tithe-owners and landowners, who they thought were hoarding the grain

42
Q

What did the food shortages do to the 3rd estate in relation to their attitude towards politics?

A

Politicised them, meant they began to see how poorly Louis was dealing with the whole situation

History - French Revolution (5 decks)

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