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AS OCR History Cold War > Origins of the Cold War to 1945 > Flashcards

Origins of the Cold War to 1945 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the basis of Communism?

A

Marxism

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2
Q

What were the middle class called in the USSR?

A

Bourgeoisie

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3
Q

What were the workers called in the USSR?

A

Proletariat workers

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4
Q

What was believed about the middle class in the USSR?

A

The middle class who owned industry would be overthrown by the proletariat workers in revolution

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5
Q

What was believed would happen after the revolution in the USSR?

A

There would be a dictatorship of the proletariat before all class boundaries disappeared and it would be perfect equal society

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6
Q

Capitalism is where production of goods…

A

… was based on making a profit and people would earn what they deserved based on hard work

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7
Q

What did Capitalism work well with?

A

Parliamentary democracy where there was freedom speech and civil liberties

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8
Q

What were the main Communists called in 1910 USSR?

A

The Bolsheviks

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9
Q

When did the Bolsheviks seize power and what happened as a result?

A

October 1917 under Lenin, and they left the war they had been fighting with Britain and the USA

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10
Q

Who was President of America during WW1?

A

Woodrow Wilson

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11
Q

What did Woodrow Wilson want to create, and what was it opposed to?

A

A free democratic world with trade and cooperation between nations, which was completely opposed to Lenin’s view of the world

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12
Q

Who had many US officials been working with?

A

The old Russian leader (the Tsar)

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13
Q

What were the US officials horrified by and where did they flee to?

A

The brutal treatment of the old order by the Bolsheviks, and fled to Riga in Latvia

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14
Q

What did US policy follow after the Bolshevik revolution and the fleeing of the US officials?

A

The ‘Riga Axioms’ which was determined to stop the spread of Communism

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15
Q

Who did US, French and British troops fight alongside in the Russian Civil War?

A

Tsarist ‘White’ forces

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16
Q

Who won the Russian Civil War?

A

The Communists (Bolsheviks)

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17
Q

What did the fact that the West fought along side the White Army during the civil war do?

A

Created lasting distrust of the West in the USSR

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18
Q

When did Poland defeat the Russians, and what did they do as a result?

A

1920, and extend their border into Russia

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19
Q

How did the Russians feel about Poland extending their border into Russia?

A

Soviet foreign policy was determined to get these lands back

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20
Q

What did Soviet foreign policy become predominantly concerned with?

A

Ensuring Russian security and not spreading ‘world revolution’

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21
Q

What/ who did Comintern encourage?

A

Communists groups in other countries (and they supported subversive activities)

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22
Q

When did the Great Depression hit America?

A

The 1930s

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23
Q

What happened as a result of the Great Depression?

A

Many disillusioned workers and businessmen like Henry Ford saw the great industrialization of Russia as an opportunity and links were made

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24
Q

When did President Roosevelt recognize the existence the USSR for the first time?

A

1933

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25
Q

What did Stalin do in terms of foreign assistance?

A

He accepted it initially but when he began his ‘Purges’ of dangerous influences many were forced to leave. Americans who had sympathized with the USSR in the 1930s left horrified

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26
Q

When did Stalin realize that he needed to take a more active role with the West?

A

When Hitler came to power who threatened to annihilate Communism

27
Q

What did Stalin do in order to try and take a more active role in the West?

A

He joined the League of Nations in 1934, signed agreements with France and Czechoslovakia in 1935 and intervened to try and prevent fascism in the Spanish Civil War in 1936

28
Q

When did Britain and France appease Hitler’s demands for part of Czechoslovakia?

A

In the 1938 Munich Agreement

29
Q

What did Stalin fear as a result of the 1938 Munich Agreement?

A

That Britain and France were setting the Nazis up to destroy Communism

30
Q

When did Stalin sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact?

A

August 1939

31
Q

Why did Stalin sign the Nazi-Soviet Pact?

A

To buy himself time to get ready to fight Hitler

32
Q

What was the result of Stalin signing the Nazi-Soviet Pact?

A

It shocked the world and allowed Hitler to invade Poland and start WWII

33
Q

What did the USSR do when Hitler invaded Poland?

A

They took the half they had lost in the 1920 (a secret agreement between Stalin and Hitler) and expanded their territory by 1941 by taking the Baltic states and parts of Finland

34
Q

How was the USSR brought into the Second World War ?

A

By the Nazi invasion of June 1941

35
Q

How was the USA brought into the Second World War ?

A

By the attack by Japan on Pearl Harbour December 1941

36
Q

What did the three attacked powers (Britain, USA and the USSR) become known as?

A

The ‘Grand Alliance’

37
Q

Who were the ‘Grand Alliance’ against?

A

The Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan

38
Q

What were the USSR’s specific aims for the war in terms of land and security?

A

The complete defeat of Germany and an area of direct Soviet control in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Soviet occupied Germany, as well as a ‘intermediate zone’ of neither capitalist or Communist countries such as Austria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia

39
Q

What did the US want in terms of trade after the war?

A

World free trade

40
Q

Where specifically did the US want security after the war, and why?

A

In the seas to protect against possible future attacks like Pearl Harbour

41
Q

What did the US want created as a result of the war?

A

The United Nations

42
Q

What did Britain want after the war in terms of land and allies?

A

It want to keep its empire and be on friendly terms with both the US and USSR

43
Q

What did Britain want to do after the war in terms of economy and land?

A

It wanted to prevent the advance of Communism in the Suez Canal and Middle East as an advancement here would damage Britain’s economy

44
Q

When was the Atlantic Charter?

A

1943

45
Q

What was the Atlantic Charter?

A

It committed Britain and the USA to the complete defeat of Germany and the setting up of a democratic world order- Stalin and the USSR were not present

46
Q

What happened at the Tehran Conference?

A

Plans were drawn up that allowed the USSR to invade eastern and southern eastern Europe and create a sphere of influence there, whilst Britain and the USA would invade from the west

47
Q

What was Stalin suspicious about concerning the Normandy landings?

A

Stalin was suspicious that the delay until 1944 was an attempt to weaken the USSR, who had been fighting for longer

48
Q

What did ACC stand for, and what were they?

A

Allied Control Commissions, and they were the occupying forces (e.g. USSR, Britain etc.) means of setting up order in annexed states.

49
Q

What did the USA and Britain do differently to the USSR in terms of ACCs?

A

Britain and the USA generally allowed new governments to form but the USSR used them to enhance Communism

50
Q

When was the Warsaw Uprising?

A

1944

51
Q

What did the USSR do during the Warsaw Uprising?

A

Nothing- the USSR allowed the Nazis to destroy the Warsaw Uprising so that they could take over the whole of Poland. The West was disgusted by this

52
Q

Name 3 states that very quickly became Communist under Soviet occupation.

A

Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia

53
Q

What did Stalin do in Hungary and Czechoslovakia?

A

He made sure that there was cooperation with democratic groups to keep the Allies onside

54
Q

Whom did Stalin have difficulty controlling?

A

The Yugoslavian leader Tito

55
Q

What happened to Italy and France?

A

They were liberated by Western powers and set up their own governments- who made links with the USSR

56
Q

What was agreed upon at the Yalta Conference?

A

The temporary borders of Poland, the need for reparations, the need for democratic elections across Europe- this was put into the ‘Declaration on Liberated Europe’

57
Q

What was the problem with the ‘Declaration on Liberated Europe’?

A

It was vague and easy for Stalin to manipulate

58
Q

When did Roosevelt die and who replaced him?

A

April 1945 and Truman

59
Q

What was different about Truman compared with Roosevelt?

A

Truman was much more hostile towards Communism

60
Q

Who was Churchill replaced by?

A

Clement Atlee

61
Q

Give 3 points about the relationships at Potsdam

A
  • Bad tempered
  • The US was becoming increasingly suspicious of the Communist spread in eastern Europe and accused Stalin of not sticking to the democratic agreements made at Yalta
  • Truman tried to threaten Stalin with a ‘new weapon’ but this only made him less likely to give into demands
62
Q

Give 7 points about the Potsdam agreement

A
  • It was a protocol rather than a treaty
  • Germany and Berlin were divided into 4 zones
  • Whole country issues for Germany would be decided by 4 High Commissioners from each power
  • The Soviets could get 25% of the reparations from other zones as well as the reparations from its own zone
  • The Council of Ministers was set up to deal with treaties from other defeated powers like Italy
  • Polish Borders not agreed upon but it was accepted that the Soviets were in control there and there was little anyone else could do
  • Did not agree on how much control the ACC would have on the whole of Germany
63
Q

What was the USSR’s response to the dropping of the atomic bomb?

A

The USSR was determined to make an atomic bomb of its own and Stalin was more distrustful of the West

AS OCR History Cold War (5 decks)

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