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History- Cold War > origins of the cold war 1941-58 > Flashcards

origins of the cold war 1941-58 Flashcards

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1
Q

What countries were in the Grand Alliance?

A

The USA, the USSR and Britain

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2
Q

When was the Tehran Conference and what was agreed?

A

1943

  • USA and Britain would open a second front and launch an attack on Germany from the West.
  • Stalin would declare war against Japan
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3
Q

What impact did Tehran have on international relations?

A
  • Stalin pleased USA and Britain were opening a second front against Germany.
  • Britain annoyed and wanted second front in the Balkans.
  • Good relations between USA and USSR- development of the two superpowers.
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4
Q

When was the Yalta conference and who met there?

A

Feb 1945

  • Roosevelt (USA)
  • Churchill (GB)
  • Stalin (USSR)
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5
Q

What was agreed at Yalta

A
  • Germany and Berlin would be divided into zones of occupation under control of USA, USSR, Britain and France.
  • USSR would join war against Japan.
  • UN would be set up after WW2
  • Eastern European countries could hold free elections after war ended.
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6
Q

What was disagreed at Yalta?

A

Stalin wanted to move the border of Poland westwards into German territory - Roosevelt was unhappy but agreed since Stalin promised not to help communist rebels in Greece.

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7
Q

When was the Potsdam conference and which leaders met there?

A

July 1945

  • Truman (USA)
  • Churchill (GB) -replaced by Atlee
  • Starlin (USSR)
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8
Q

What was agreed at Potsdam?

A
  • Germany and Berlin would be divided as agreed at Yalta
  • Poland’s eastern border moved west, giving USSR more territory
  • Nazi leaders tried as war criminals
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9
Q

What was disagreed at Potsdam?

A
  • Truman blocked Starlin’s demands of crippling reparations to be placed on Germany
  • Truman refused to allow USSR to occupy Japan once defeated
  • Truman and Atlee opposes Stalin’s demand that he set up pro-Soviet governments in Eastern Europe- the Red Army looked like an army of occupation
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10
Q

Why was Potsdam less successful?

A
  • Stalin’s troops remained in Eastern Europe- low hopes for free elections
  • Truman informed Stalin that the USA now possessed the atomic bomb and Stalin feared the USA may use it against the USSR
  • Truman was far more hardline against Stalin than Roosevelt
  • Britain and USA were now suspicious as Stalin had set up a pro-communist government in Poland
  • Stalin suspicious on why Britain wanted Germany to ‘recover’ economically
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11
Q

When and where did USA drop atomic bombs?

A

On Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 - end of WW2

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12
Q

How did the USA/West feel after the development of the bombs?

A

Secure and more confident + could persuade USSR to hold free elections in Eastern Europe

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13
Q

What did Stalin do in reaction to the bomb?

A
  • He made a buffer zone between Eastern Europe and the West

- Tested his own bomb in 1949

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14
Q

How did the development of the bomb affect relations?

A
  • Increased Cold War tensions as the bomb was so powerful
  • Both reluctant to go to war
  • Arms race begins
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15
Q

What was the Kennan Long telegram?

A

Telegram discussing US-Soviet relations by George Kennan (US ambassador in Moscow).
Said Stalin wanted to destroy capitalism but would back down if the US threatened.

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16
Q

What was the Novikov Telegram?

A

Telegram by Nikolai Novikov (Soviet diplomat in Washington)

Said US wanted to dominate the world.

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17
Q

How did the telegrams affect relations?

A
  • Both distrusted each other even more
  • Eventually led to America’s policy of containment as they thought USSR was looking to spread communism
  • Soviet wanted to protect themselves
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18
Q

Why did Stalin create a buffer zone in Eastern Europe?

A

He though it would protect him from future invasions.

19
Q

How to the USA see Stalin’s buffer zone?

A

An attempt to spread communism worldwide - West Europe under threat.

20
Q

What was the Iron Curtain Speech?

A

A speed by Churchill in March 1946 in America.
Declared Europe was divided by soviet policy and that West was free and democratic but East was under communist domination.
An ‘iron curtain’ separated them

21
Q

How the iron curtain speech affect relations?

A

Increased tension and mistrust and led to Soviet increased anti-West propaganda

22
Q

What were satellite states and how did Stalin set up communist governments?

A
  • Countries free from Nazi rule by Red Army (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary Romania)
  • Stalin held rigged elections to make sure the government was pro communist)
  • 6 million troops stamped out opposition and some were murdered)
23
Q

How did Stalin make sure states relied on USSR?

A

-Set up COMINFORM 1947, an alliance of communist countries, which restricted contact with West.

24
Q

Why did events in Greece change US policy?

A
  • Truman was informed in 1947 that GB could no longer afford to keep troops in Greece + Turkey.
  • They could go under influence of Stalin if they withdrew.
  • Truman paid for troops to be kept there + gave them financial aid. CONTAINMENT
25
Q

What was the Truman Doctrine?

A
  • Announced in March 1947 where he said that he would assist any country threatened by communism.
  • He would send troops and money, called containment.
26
Q

What was Marshall Aid?

A
  • Truman believed that poverty and hardship were breeding grounds for communism.
  • He have billions of dollars to wrecked economies in Europe.
  • 1948-52 $12.7bn given to West Europe.
  • Gave market for US goods as well
27
Q

What was Soviet response to Truman Doctrine?

A

Stalin though US was trying to extend influence to Europe and wanted to divide Europe in two - dollar imperialism

28
Q

What was the impact of the Truman Doctrine on relations after 1947?

A
  • USA direct opposition to USS
  • Stalin more suspicious of West
  • Europe now divided in two
29
Q

What was Comecon?

A
  • In 1949 Stalin said he would support Eastern European countries with financial aid and discouraged trade with the West
  • Rival to Marshall Plan
30
Q

What was Cominform?

A
  • Set up in 1947 in response to Truman Doctrine

- Controlled governments of satellite states and made them take orders from Moscow

31
Q

How did America’s actions help to cause the Berlin Blockade, 1948-49?

A
  • West Germany were benefiting from Marshall Aid
  • GB and USA combined to form bizonia and then trizonia with France
  • Introduced new currency Deutschmark
32
Q

How did Stalin interpret America’s actions?

A

Believed it was part of USA’s plan to rebuild Germany stronger and leaving the Soviet zones in poverty

33
Q

Why did Stalin decide to impose a blockade in Berlin, June 1948?

A

Stalin hoped by blocking roads and rail links it would test the strength of USA and force them to surrender West Berlin where 2 million lived free of Soviet rule

34
Q

How did USA and GB respond to the blockade?

A
  • The flew supplies by airlift as breaking the blockade would have been seen as an act of war
  • There were 275,000 non stop flights which ensured 1000 tons of food + resources were received by West Berlin each day
35
Q

Why didn’t Stalin shoot down the planes?

A
  • It would have been seen as an act of war

- US stationed B29 bombers in GB which could drop atomic bomb on Soviets

36
Q

What were the consequences of the blockade?

A
  • Stalin ended the blockade in May 1949, humiliated
  • USA, GB and France combined zones to form West Germany
  • Stalin set up East Germany
  • NATO set up in 1949 to ensure a future attack by Stalin was met by force
  • Stalin set up the Warsaw Pact in 1955
37
Q

When were nuclear bombs developed by both sides?

A
  • 1945 USA atomic bomb
  • 1949 USSR atomic bomb
  • 1952 USA hydrogen bomb
  • 1953 USSR hydrogen bomb
  • 1957 USA + USSR ICBM
38
Q

What were the effects of the arms race?

A
  • Each side became more powerful
  • Both spent huge amounts of money on developing weapons + armies
  • Led to change in thinking of war (deterrent)
39
Q

Who became president + leader of USSR in 1953

A
  • Eisenhower who was fiercely anti communist but open to talks
  • Khrushchev (1956) followed de-Stalinisation policy
40
Q

Why were people unhappy in Hungary in 1956?

A
  • Lack of political freedom
  • Fuel shortages
  • Poor harvests
41
Q

What did Nagy do?

A
  • He reorganised the government to include non communists
  • Released political prisoners
  • Persuaded Khrushchev to withdraw troops from Hungary
42
Q

What did Nagy announce on 1st November 1956?

A

He would withdraw Hungary from the Warsaw Pact

43
Q

What happened during the Hungarian Uprising?

A
  • 4th November Soviet army invaded Hungary with 1,000 tanks
  • West did not support Nagy
  • 20,000 Hungarians killed
  • New pro-communist government set up under Kadar
  • Nagy tried and executed in 1958
44
Q

What was the impact of Hungarian Uprising on relations?

A
  • Khrushchev’s position more secure
  • Warsaw Pact members saw they had to follow USSR
  • USSR more confident as USA would not take military action
  • West looked bad for not offering support to Hungary
  • Relations worse as USA condemned the invasion

History- Cold War (2 decks)

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