origins of psychology

Question 1

where was the first psychology opened?

Answer 1

Leipzig, Germany

Question 2

who opened the first psychology lab

Answer 2

Wundt

Question 3

what did Wundt introduce?

Answer 3

introspection to study the human mind systematically (scientific)

Question 4

what were the standardised procedures?

Answer 4

he used observations of objects and sounds which were recorded

Question 5

what categories was consciousness divided into?

Answer 5

thoughts
images
sensations

Question 6

two strengths of wundt and introspection

Answer 6

• carefully controlled environment
• carefully standardised

Question 7

limitation of wundt and introspection

Answer 7

general laws not possible as all introspection are different

Question 8

1900

Answer 8

Behaviourists

Question 9

what did the behaviourists do?

Answer 9

researchers (Skinner and Watson) conducted controlled experiments on behaviours that were directly observable

Question 10

1950s

Answer 10

Cognitive Approach

Question 11

what did the cognitive approach do

Answer 11

made the study of the mind legitimate and scientific, experiments tested the computer metaphor (e.g multi-store model)

Question 12

1980s

Answer 12

Biological Approach

Question 13

what did the biological approach do?

Answer 13

studied observable behaviours using controlled measures (e.g fMRI).
genetic testing studies relationship between genes and behaviour

Question 14

strengths of the emergence of psychology as a science

Answer 14

learning, cognitive and biological approaches all use scientific methods (e.g lab research)

Question 15

weakness of the emergence of psychology as a science

Answer 15

humanistic and psychodynamic approaches rely on unscientific case studies.
research hampered by demand characteristics

Question 16

what was the behaviourist approach?

Answer 16

all behaviour is learned through association or consequences

Question 17

assumptions of the behaviourist approach

Answer 17

only observable behaviour needs to be studied.
basic processes same in all species.

Question 18

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 18

learning by association

Question 19

who studied classical conditioning?

Answer 19

pavlov 1927

Question 20

outline pavlov’s study into classical conditioning

Answer 20

• pavlov showed how dogs could be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell
• sound was repeatedly presented at the same time as they were given food
• pavlov’s dogs learned to associate the sound of the bell (stimulus) with the food (another stimulus)
• would produce salivation as a response every time it heard the sound of

Question 21

classical conditioning diagram

Answer 21

(food) UCS -> (salivation) UCR
(bell) NS -> (no salivation) no response

(bell) + (food) -> salivation

(bell) CS -> (salivation) CR

Question 22

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 22

learning through consequences

Question 23

who conducted research into operant conditioning?

Answer 23

Skinner 1953

Question 24

outline skinner’s study into operant conditioning

Answer 24

• conducted experiments with rats in cages
• everytime the rat activated a lever within the box it was rewarded with a food pellet
• rats would be electrically shocked if an unpleasant behaviour was shown

Question 25

what is positive reinforcement?

Answer 25

receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed

Question 26

what is negative reinforcement?

Answer 26

when you avoid something unpleasant to have a positive outcome

Question 27

what is punishment

Answer 27

an unpleasant consequence of behaviour

Question 28

strength of the behaviourist approach

Answer 28

based on well controlled research - measurement of observable behaviour in highly controlled lab settings - have scientific credibility (e.g. Skinner)

Question 29

limitations of behaviourist approach

Answer 29

- leaning process oversimplified - sees all behaviour as conditioned by past conditioning experiences.