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Evolution By Natural Selection > Origins Of ideas About Origins > Flashcards

Origins Of ideas About Origins Flashcards

1
Q

Evidence that shows change has taken place

A
  1. Fossil record
  2. Descent with modification
  3. Biogeography
  4. Genetics
  5. Embryology
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2
Q

What does the evidence for fossils provide us?

A

A history of past life in earth.

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3
Q

How is this history recorded?

A

Remains of once-living organisms that escaped decay

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4
Q

What were these fossil remains?

A

Skeletons, shells, seeds, insects trapped in Amber, dung, DNA

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5
Q

What could have happened over 3.5 billion years ago?

A

Rare mutations could have resulted in the biological change/ evolution

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6
Q

Why are fossils a significant source of evidence?

A

It’s shows microevolution (evolution within a species)

Macroevolution (evolution between one group of organisms)

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7
Q

How does fossil evidence show evolution has occurred?

A

Systematic change through time

Different fossils found in different rock ,ayers with oldest fossils in oldest layers

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8
Q

What method is used to work out age of fossils?

A

Radiometric dating

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9
Q

What can be seen in the fossil record?

A

a) increase in complexity over time, simple org appeared first
b) increase in diversity
c) intermediate forms between groups - transitional fossils

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10
Q

What can not be seen in the fossil record?

A

Unable to show how life started on earth

Earliest fossils were soft bodied, difficult to fossilise

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11
Q

What was the increasing complexity?

A

The earliest organisms are found in the oldest rocks, giving rise later to more complex organisms, in newer rocks, which evolved

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12
Q

What was the increase in diversity?

A

The oldest fossil- bearing rocks have less diversity than younger rocks, has enormous diversity

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13
Q

How did younger rocks obtain so. Much diversity?

A

Descended from common ancestors,which adapted to a variety of environments. After accumalating adaptions,variety of modified descendants were branched out, bio increased from then.

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14
Q

What were the intermediate forms between groups?

A

What are transitional fossils have mixture of traits, shows that one group given rise to another

E.g Archaeopteryx - mammal like reptilian,

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15
Q

Does evidence from fossils provide conclusive proof of change?

A

No, biased/ incomplete
Very few individuals become fossils
Hard- bodied organisms often form fossils
Most fossils are aquatic animals

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16
Q

What evidence is there from descent with modification?

A

Vertebrate -comp external and internal structures, part of a limb has been modified over time to perform a variety of functions

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17
Q

What is a homologous structure?

A

When pentadactyl limb has same basic plan in all vertebrates

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18
Q

What does animals with homologous structures prove?

A

These animals are closely related and have evolved from a common ancestor

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19
Q

What is modification of a species?

A

Species can be traced back through time as they show similarities with fossil species that became extinct…
Newer forms have new traits - modified descendants of earlier species

20
Q

What is biogeography?

A

Study of where and why present day and extinct plant and animal species occur.

21
Q

What was the evidence from biogeography?

A

Different regions of earth with environmentally similar conditions contained their own distinctive species of animals and plants
- biogeographical reigons

22
Q

Why does each region have its own distinctive set of organisms?

A

Over time organisms were able to move freely from place to place with each biogeographical region but not from one region to another , prevented by natural barriers. Organisms must have evolved in their own way in the different regions. Resulted in different species.

23
Q

What is genetics?

A

The science of heredity, which includes the study of genes and inheritance of variation and traits of living organisms. Deals with resemblances and differences of related organisms.

24
Q

What does DNA show us?

A

Organisms have descended from a common ancestor and how closely organisms are related.

25
Q

How have organisms descended from a common ancestor?

A

All organisms have the DNA and RNA

Genes are encoded to make identical proteins, used in cellular respiration

26
Q

How are organisms related?

A

Similarly of DNA nucleotide sequenced to work out how related species are

More sequences shared , closer relationship between the two species, more recently diverged from ancestor

Fewer sequences shared, distant relationship between two species, further diverged from ancestor

27
Q

What are some other forms of evidence?

A

Embryology

Vestigial organs

28
Q

How does embryology show evidence?

A

Marked similarities in structure during, early stages of their development

29
Q

What are vestigial organs?

A

Organisms that have stunted or none functional organs and structures

30
Q

How do vestigial organs show evidence?

A

Homologous to organs, suggest have a common ancestor

31
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

An idea or possible explanation about something observed that suggests a question

32
Q

What is a scientific theory?

A

General explanation of an important natural phenomenon, with reliable evidence based on extensive, repeated observations and experiments to support it

33
Q

What are the conditions for theories to be accepted?

A

Stand up to thorough and repeated testing
Confirmed by more observations
Confirmed by other independent peer review researchers

34
Q

Why is evolution a theory and not a hypothesis?

A

Life in earth has been confirmed through multiple lines of evidence - fossil record biogeography, genetics, molecular biology

35
Q

Who was Jean-Baptistic Lamark?

A

Proposed that species evolved through the course of earths history

36
Q

What was Lamarkism?

A

The inheritance of acquired characteristics (soft inheritance)

37
Q

How can Lamarkism be explained?

A

Use and disuse of body parts

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

38
Q

What was the use and disuse of body parts?

A

When enviro changed the organism actively respond by changing to adapt and survive in new enviro.
E.g the more organ/ part is used, the more they would increase in size of efficiency. If not used, get smaller and eventually disappear.

39
Q

What was inheritance of acquired characteristics?

A

Giraffe.
acquired characteristics, ,long neck, legs were passed onto offapring of each new generation until new species of giraffe with very long neck and legs would eventually appear.

40
Q

What theory did Darwin formulate?

A

Theory of natural selection

41
Q

What is Darwinism?

A

Theory living organisms evolve :
Gradually
From common ancestors
By natural selection.- survival of the fittest

42
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

The pace at which evolution occurs.

Sudden appearances of new forms followed by long periods, which organisms changed little.

43
Q

Who came up with them idea punctuated equilibrium?

A

Stephan jay Gould

44
Q

What is the meaning of punctuated equilibrium?

A

new species undergo modifications as they branch off from parent species.

45
Q

How did life originate?

A

There was a single origin of life, ideas supported by that all life shares the same genetic code and similar base enzymes

Evolution By Natural Selection (3 decks)

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