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Animal and Plant Biology I > Origins > Flashcards

Origins Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 main groups?

A

Bacteria. Archeae. Eukaryote.

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2
Q

What does a phylogeny tree show?

A

Confirms how organisms are related to each other via DNA

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3
Q

What are the two significant evolutionary events?

A

Eukaryotes acquired chloroplasts and mitochondria by endosymbiosis. Bacteria are responsible.

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4
Q

How many groups are there?

A

Definitely 7, thought to be 8

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5
Q

How many groups have the capacity to photosynthesis?

A

6

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6
Q 
Describe endosymbiosis
(first event)
A
  • Bacteria engulfed by a prokaryotic host
  • Genes transferred conversion to organelle
  • Produced mitochondria
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7
Q

Describe endosymbiosis (second event)

A
  • Eukaryotic like cell engulfs a prokaryotic photosynthetic cyanobacterium
  • Transfer genes and conversion to organelle
  • Produces a chloroplast
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8
Q

How did eukaryotes acquire photosynthesis?

A

Acquired it multiple times by repeated endosymbiosis

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9
Q

What were the three clades that rose from the first eukaryotic organism?

A

Glaucocystophyte. Green Algae. Red Algae.

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10
Q

How did endosymbiosis contribute to diversity on the planet?

A

Increased diversity. Helped evolution of multicellular organisms. Diverse groups of multicellular organisms.

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11
Q

What needs to be overcome for multicellularity?

A

Cell communication - cell signalling.

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12
Q

What are some key events in evolution?

A

Photosynthesis. Endosymbiosis. Diversification. Multicellularity.

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13
Q

What did green algae evolve into?

A

Land Plants

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14
Q

How did Land Plants help to change the atmosphere?

A

Caused a massive reduction in CO2. Falling levels of CO2 caused lower temperatures. This initiated a terrestrial ecosystem and triggered evolution. Lower temperature = plants with broader leaves = increased oxygen levels

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15
Q

How can evolutionary trees be used to explain diversity of life on the planet?

A

Show how the acquisition of photosynthesis by endosymbiosis led to radiation and diversification

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16
Q

Where do animal and plants originate from?

A

Aquatic life

17
Q

What are some features of eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus, cytoskeleton

18
Q

What is an Amoeba?

A

Engulfs. Single celled celled but still eukaryotic

19
Q

What are some features of complex multicellularity?

A

Evolved many times. Molecular mechanisms of cell adhesion. Cell communication. Different cells and tissues. Regulatory genes. Reproduction. Internal and external environment.

20
Q

What are some examples of complex response?

A

Cell signalling (histamine). Opsonization (phagocytosis)

21
Q

What is a constraint of a multicellular organism?

A

Getting oxygen to all the cells.

22
Q

Why was there original multicellular organisms in an aquatic environment?

A

Oxygen existed in the ocean so multicellular organisms evolved.

23
Q

What features did sponges have?

A

Pores

24
Q

What features did Cnidarians have?

A

(jellyfish and sea anemone). Two cell layers. Able to stick.

25
Q

What is rotational symmetry?

A

Property of a shape when it looks the same after rotation. Sphere is the simplest

26
Q

What is radial symmetry?

A

Basic body plan where the organisms can be divided into similar halves by passing a plane along ny angle of the central axis eg sea anemone and starfish

27
Q

What is bilateral symmetry?

A

Symmetrical arrangement of an organisms along a central axis. Divided by one plane

28
Q

What do the levels of symmetry show?

A

Increases planes of symmetry to make an organism more complex. Simple axes determine the structure of organisms. Planes of symmetry determined by regulatory genes

29
Q

What is a Gastrula?

A

Embryo with an inside endotherm and outside ectotherm - Diploblastic

30
Q

What is Tripoblastic?

A

Ectoderm. Mesoderm. Endoderm. Bilateral symmetry.

31
Q

What are Destromas?

A
  • Blastopore becomes anus
  • CNS down back
  • SImple
  • Progressive evolution of backbones with a dorsal hollow
32
Q

What are Protosomes?

A
  • Blastopore becomes mouth

- CNS down the front

33
Q

What genes are crucial in animal development?

A

Hox genes

34
Q

What are vertebrates?

A
  • Bones, vertebrates and skills

Animal and Plant Biology I (3 decks)

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