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LIFE103 > Origin Of Life Alan McCarthy > Flashcards

Origin Of Life Alan McCarthy Flashcards

1
Q

Biogenesis

A

Living matter arises from living matter

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2
Q

Abiogenesis

A

Origin of life from inorganic substances

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3
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

Mice from wheat and flies from meat where both once believed

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4
Q

How did life come about

A

Once in a dramatic event

OR

Evolved gradually from complex chemistry

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5
Q

Autotrophs

A

Use CO2

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6
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Use organic sources of carbon

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7
Q

The inheritance problem

A

DNA - RNA - Protein

Requires proteins and RNA for replication and a metabolic component

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8
Q

Stromalites

A

Early traces of life but could be fractal frauds stromalites could be abiotic although it was said that they condition photosynthetic Cyanobacteria from layered mounds of rock

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9
Q

Location of the origin of life

A

Groundwater - concentrated and ionising radiation as energy source no ozone so photochemical destruction of biomonomers become concentrated
Superoxides and free radicals are unstable and highly reactive

Extraterrestrial - amino acids and nucleotides mag have been carried on meteorites

Polymerisation of biomonomers into biopolymers needs ATP and concentration eg groundwater pools or clay and rock surfaces

Hydrothermal vents

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10
Q

Aggregates

A

Early forms of cells such as coercatives , proteinoids and liposomes

Very fragile

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11
Q

Possible stages of the first cell

A

Prebiotic - substrates turning into products with a catalyst
These products may have formed primordial soup creating abprotocell (aggregates) but still metabolism is needed to create the first cell and emergence of life

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12
Q

Metabolism

A

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

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13
Q

The first cells

A

Heterotrophic organic carbon

Fermentation no oxygen in the environment lactic acids formed

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14
Q

Modern / later cells

A

Autotrophs use CO2 photosynthetic

Aerobic redox cycle

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15
Q

What happened for oxygen to become part of the environment

A

Bacteria lack a detoxification mechanism
Use oxygen to respire producing an oxidising environment, ‘ozone’ layer and carbon cycle
Lots of oxygen present in environment

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16
Q

Free radicals

A

With unpaired electrons are highly reactive and destructive they were mopped up by superoxide dismutase and converted to hydrogen peroxide catalysed onto water and oxygen

17
Q

Hydrothermal vents

A

Constant environment
Rich in chemicals and CO2
Continuous energy source
Protected environment

BUT

are they too hot
The first cells would’ve been autotrophs not heterotrophs and hyperthermophiles

18
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

Strong sequence and gene similarities to bacterial DNA

Rickettsia- obligate intercellular parasites that have the most similar DNA sequences to mitochondria

19
Q

Hydrogenosome

A

Have no DNA or mitochondria

However eventually one with DNA was found and when sequences it was found to have relations to mitochondria

20
Q

Mitosomes

A

Mini mitochondria occur in anaerobic Protozoa and have functions in anaerobic respiration suggesting previously they may have had a role in this

21
Q

Hydrogen hypothesis

A

Symbiosis between a archaea and a eubacteria the bacterium secretes hydrogen and CO2 and the archaea lives on these and generates methane becomes heterotrophic

22
Q

Archaebacteria

A

Thermoacidophiles
Extreme halophiles
Methanogens

Abnormal ribosomes
Atypical cell wall
Atypical lipids ether based not Ester based

23
Q

Phenetic

A

Based on observed characteristics

24
Q

Phylogenetic

A

Based on evolutionary history

25
Q

Phenotype

A

Detectable characteristics of an organism

26
Q

Gentype

A

The sum total of genetic information in an organism

27
Q

DNA as a fossil record

A

DNA is a living fossil record however the feasibility of sequencing and rate of change need to be taken into account

What is needed is short sequences conserved sequences and universal sequences

16S RNA

28
Q

5 kingdoms

A 
Monera - bacteria 
Protista 
Fungi 
Plants 
Animalia
29
Q

Woese

A 
Unrooted tree 
3 kingdoms 
Eubacteria 
Eukaryotes 
Archaebacteria
30
Q

Lokiarchaeota

A

Most closely related to us

31
Q

Microbial genomes

A

First archaebacteria sequence showed metabolism genes allowing replication of genes almost eukaryotes like
Suggests a common ancestor

LIFE103 (3 decks)

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