Origin-Insertion-Action Flashcards
M. Temporalis
Origin: from fossa temporalis and its borders:
- Linea temporalis.
- Crista saggitslis externa.
- Crista nuchea.
- Dorsal edge of arcus zygomaticus.
Insertion: processus coronoideus of os mandibulae.
Action: Raises os mandibulae, closes jaw.
M. Massater
Origin: ventral border of arcus zygomaticus
[It has three intersecting layers]
Insertion: fossa massaterica of os mandibulae
Action: closes jaw
M. Digastricus
Origin: processus paracondylaris of os occipitalis.
Insertion: Margo ventralis-ventralis medialis of os mandibulae.
Action: opens mouth.
M. Pterygoideus medialis
Origin: fossa pterygopalatina (from sphenoid, palatine and pterygoid bone)
Insertion: fossa pterygoidea (medially, below foramen mandibulae)
Action: grinding movements, closes jaw
M. Pterygoideus lateralis
Origin: ventral to canalis alaris and fissura orbitalis from sphenoid bone.
Insertion: fovea pterygoidea (medially, next to the processus condylaris of os mandibulae).
Action: grinding movements, closes jaw.
M. Sternocephalicus (of M. Sternocleidomastoideus)
Origin: manubrium sterni.
Insertion:
- M. Sternomastoideus - mastoid part of os temporale.
- M. Sternooccipitalis - crista nuchae of os occipitalis.
Action: unilateral contraction draws head and neck to one side (lateralo-ventral flexion), bilateral contraction draws head down.
M. Brachiocephalicus (of M. Sternocleidomastoideus)
- M. Cleidobrachialis
Origin: distal - cranial surface of humerus and crista humeri.
Insertion: Intersactio clavicularis. - M. Cleidocephalicus
Origin: on intersectio clavicularis.
Insertion: * M. Cleidomastoideus - mastoid part of os temporale.
* M. Cleidocervicalis - raphe cervisis (dorsal midline) over cranial half of neck.
Action: If forelimb is fixed - unilateral contraction of the muscle moves head into the lateral direction. Bilateral contraction fixes head and neck (or bends downward).
If limb is free (it’s in an elevated position)- it will move forelimb cranially.
M. Omotransversarius
Origin: distal part of spina scapulae, then runs under M. Sternocleidomastoideus.
Insertion: caudal border of ala atlantis (also called processus transversus, on C1)
Action: if limb is free - draws shoulder cranially.
If limb is fixed - flexes neck laterally.
M. Splenius
Origin: from processus spinosous of Th1-3 vertebrae, caudal end of lig. nuchae, raphe cervicis, and by an aponeurosis from cranial border of fascia thoracolumbalis.
Insertion: crista nuchae & mastoid part of os temporale.
Action: extends neck and raises head. Unilateral contraction draws head laterally.
M. Serratus dorsalis cranialis
Origin: fascia thoracolumbalis by a broad aponeurosis & processus spinosus on Th1-7 vertebrae.
Insertion: proximally on ribs 2-10.
Action: inspiratory muscle.
M. Semispinalis capitis
Origin: * M. Biventer cervicis - from processus transversus of Th2-4 vertebrae & firmly connected to the median fibrous raphe, contains several intersectiones tendineae (tendinous inscriptions).
* M. Complexus - from processus articularis caudalis of C3-Th1 vertebrae.
Insertion: Both muscles attaches on os occipitale (crista nuchae, protuberentia occipitalis external)
Action: Billaterally - extends neck.
Unilaterally - flexes head and neck laterally.
M. Scalenus dorsalis
Origin: from processus transversus on C4-C6 vertebrae.
Insertion: M. Scalenus dorsalis has two muscular parts, inserting on Margo cranialis of the os costae -
- The dorsally situated on the first four ribs.
- The ventrally situated is longer and inserts on the first to eight-nine ribs.
Action: helps in inspiration.
Bilateral contraction - flexes neck ventrally.
Unilateral contraction - flexes neck laterally.
M. Scalenus medius.
Also called - M. Scalenus primae costae
Origin: from processus transversus of C6-C7 vertebrae.
Insertion: Margo cranialis of the first rib.
(Also called - M. Scalenus primae costae)
Action: helps in inspiration.
Bilateral contraction - flexes neck ventrally.
Unilateral contraction - flexes neck laterally.
M. Serratus dorsalis caudalis
Origin: Caudally on superficial layer of fascia thoracolumbalis.
Insertion: proximal part of ribs 11-13.
Action: expiration.
M. Rectus thoracis
Origin: first rib.
Insertion: ventral ends of ribs 2-4.
Action: inspiration.
M. Retractor costae ultimae
Origin: processus transversus of L1-4 vertebrae & caudal part of fascia thoracolumbalis over lumbar site.
Insertion: Margo caudalis of the last rib.
Action: expiration.
Mm. Levatores costarum
Origin: processus transversus of Th1-12 vertebrae.
Insertion: Margo cranialis of ribs near their annulus costae.
Covered by erector spinae muscles.
Action: inspiration.
M. Transversus thoracis
Origin: inner surface of sternum, close to midline.
Insertion: cartilago costalis on 2-8th ribs, ventral to costochondral junctions.
Action: expiration.
Mm. Intercostales
Origin & insertion:
- M. Intercostalis externus - muscle fibers run caudoventrally (\)
- From Margo caudalis of one rib to Margo cranialis of the next rib.
- M. Intercostalis internus - muscle fibers run cranioventrally (///)
- from Margo cranialis of one rib to Margo caudalis of the previous rib.
Action:
- M. Intercostalis externus - inspiration.
- M. Intercostalis internus - expiration.
M. Subcostalis
Origin & insertion:
Crossing medial surface of ribs 9-11. Cranioventral direction (///),
inside cavitas thoracis.
Action: expiratory muscle.
Diaphragm 5 layers - from cranial to caudal are
- Pelura
- Facia endothoracica
- M. Phernicus
- Facia transversa abdominis
- Peritoneum
M. Latissimus dorsi
Origin: superficial layer of fascia thoracolumbalis (from processus spinosus of the last thoracic and lumbar vertebrae). Also muscular attachment proxiamlly to the last few ribs.
Insertion: on teres major tuberosity (together with m. teres major)
Action: 1. draws free limb caudally.
2. Together with m. teres major flexes shoulder.
M. trapezius
Origin: between C3-Th9 region.
- pars cervicalis: from raphe of neck
- pars thoracica: from supraspinous ligament.
Insertion: cervical part inserts on proximal ¾ of scapular spine (distally there is the omotransversarius muscle); thoracic part inserts on proximal third of scapular spine.
Action: supports trunk, elevates (lifts) forelimb, draws it cranially.
M. rhomboideus
Origin:
- pars capitis: nuchal crest of occipital bone.
- pars cervicis: from raphe of neck to spinous processes of Th 1-3 vertebrae.
- pars thoracis: from processus spinosus of Th 4-7 vertebrae.
Insertion: dorsomedial border of scapula.
Action: elevates limb and pulls base of scapula against trunk forwards or backwards (depending on which part will contract more)
M. pectoralis profundus
Also called: m. pectoralis ascendens
Origin: all sternebrae of sternum and costal cartilages of true ribs.
Insertion: main part inserts on minor tubercle of humerus (and just a small aponeurosis joins to major tubercle).
Action: supports trunk, behaving as a strong retractor (draws limb caudally) and adductor of forelimb.
m. pectoralis descendens
Origin: manubrium sterni.
Insertion: crest of greater tubercle of humerus (crista tuberculi majoris), upper part of crista humeri.
Action: ventral connection to forelimb, adduction, draws limb cranially or caudally depending its position.
m. pectoralis transversus
Origin: from 1-3rd sternebrae.
Insertion: crest of greater tubercle of humerus (crista tuberculi majoris), upper part of crista humeri.
Action: ventral connection to forelimb, adduction, draws limb cranially or caudally depending its position.
M. serratus ventralis
Origin:
- cervical part: from proc. trans. of C2-7.
- thoracic part: from middle of ribs 1-8.
Insertion: facies serrata on scapula (medially).
Action: supports trunk, helps at inspiration, carries shoulder cranial or caudal with respect to position of forelimb.
M. supraspinatus
Origin: fossa supraspinata, spine and cranial border of scapula.
Insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus (tuberculum majus).
Action: extends and stabilizes shoulder joint.
M. infraspinatus
Origin: fossa infraspinata, spina scapulae, margo caudalis scapulae.
Insertion: facies m. infraspinati of humerus.
Action: 1. acts as a medial collateral ligament for shoulder joint.
2. flexor of shoulder joint.
M. deltoideus
Origin:
- scapular part: caudal edge of spina scapulae, - acromial part: from acromion.
Insertion: tuberositas deltoidea of humerus.
Action: flexor of shoulder joint.
M. teres minor
Origin: distally on margo caudalis scapulae, tuberculum infraglenoidale.
Insertion: teres minor tuberosity of humerus (laterally).
Action: flexor of shoulder joint.
M. anconeus
Origin: lateral epicondylar (supracondylar) crest, and around fossa olecrani.
Insertion: latero-proximally on olecranon (tuber olecrani, proc. anconeus).
Action: extends elbow joint.
M. subscapularis
Origin: fossa subscapularis.
Insertion: tuberculum minus of humerus.
Action: 1. its wide tendon acts as a medial collateral ligament for shoulder joint.
- extends shoulder joint,
- also helps maintaining flexion.
M. teres major
Origin: proximally on margo caudalis scapulae and angulus caudalis scapulae.
Insertion: teres major tuberosity of humerus (together with m. latissimus dorsi).
Action: flexor of shoulder joint.
M. tensor fasciae antebrachii
Origin: detaching from m. latissimus dorsi.
Insertion: medially on tuber olecrani, then radiates into fascia antebrachii.
Action: tenses antebrachial fascia and extends elbow joint.
M. triceps brachii
(In dogs it has four heads: caput longum, laterale,
mediale and accessorium)
Origin:
- Caput longum: from distal 2/3 of margo caudalis scapulae, inserts on tuber olecrani. It acts as a flexor of shoulder joint and extensor of elbow joint.
- caput laterale: starts from linea m. tricipitis.
- caput mediale: from proximal medial surface of humerus (near teres major tuberosity).
- caput accessorium: caudally from neck of humerus.
Insertion: tuber olecrani.
Action: extend elbow joint.
M. coracobrachialis
Origin: coracoid process of supraglenoid tubercle.
Insertion: crest of minor tubercle on humerus (behind attachment of m. triceps brachii caput mediale).
Action: extensor of shoulder joint.
M. biceps brachii
Origin: tuberculum supraglenoidale of scapule; a transverse retinaculum fixes its tendon in the intertubercular groove (between tuberculum majus and minus).
Insertion: tuberositas radii and tuberositas ulnae (just below proc. coronoideus med.)
Action: extends shoulder joint and flexes elbow joint.
M. brachialis
Origin: caudally on neck of humerus; (then it will twist laterally, then cranio-medially in sulcus m. brachialis towards antebrachium).
Insertion: tuberositas radii and tuberositas ulnae (just below proc. coronoideus med.)
Action: flexes elbow joint.
M. supinator
also called m. supinator brevis
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus, lateral collateral ligament.
Insertion: cranial surface on proximal part of radius.
Action: supinates forearm and forefoot (rotates arm laterally).
M. brachioradialis
(also called m. supinator longus.
Just about 33% of the dogs have it)
Origin: lateral supracondylar crest, above m. ext. carpi radialis.
Insertion: distally and medially on radius.
Action: supinates forearm and forefoot (rotates arm laterally).
M. extensor carpi radialis
Origin: lateral epicondylar (supracondylar) crest of humerus.
Insertion: Mc. II-III. (dorsal surface of metacarpals’ bases).
Action: strongest extensor of carpal joint.
M. extensor carpi ulnaris
also called m. ulnaris lateralis
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus, behind collateral ligament.
Insertion: lateral aspect of Mc. V. base, and also attaches with a short and strong tendon to accessory carpal bone.
Action: 1. supports carpus when extended to bear weight.
2. helps in flexion, abduction and lateral rotation of carpal joint since its attachment to os carpi accessorium.
M. extensor digitorum communis
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus.
Insertion: proc. extensorius of distal phalanx of digits II-V.
Action: extends carpus and joints of digits II-V.
M. extensor digitorum lateralis
Origin: lateral humeral epicondyle, lig. collaterale laterale.
Insertion: goes to digits III-V., at the level of first digit it unites with tendons from common digital extensor and
interosseous muscles, inserts on distal phalanx (proc. ext.)
Action: extends carpus and joints of digits III-V.
M. extensor digiti I. et II. [pollicis et indicis]
Origin: middle third of ulna (laterally) (adjacent to m. abductor digiti I. longus).
Insertion:
- pollicis: head of Mc. I.
- indicis: unites with common digital extensor, thus together are inserting
on distal phalanx of digit II.
Action: extends digits I-II., indicis adducts dew claw (which is not in contact with the ground)
M. abductor digiti I. [pollicis] longus
Origin: adjacent lateral surface of radius and ulna, and from interosseous membrane..
Insertion: Mc. I. base (medially).
Action: extends and abducts digit I.
M. pronator teres
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus.
Insertion: craniomedial surface of radius’ upper part.
Action: pronates forearm (rotates arm medially).
M. pronator quadratus
Origin and insertion: connects apposed surfaces of radius and ulna, fills interosseous space (medially).
Action: pronates forearm (rotates arm medially).
M. flexor carpi radialis
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus, behind collateral lig.
Insertion: Mc. II-III. (palmar surface of metacarpals’ bases).
Action: flexes carpus.
M. flexor carpi ulnaris
Origin:
- caput humerale: starts medial epicondyle of humerus.
- caput ulnare: from proximal end of ulna (humeral head is muscular, ulnar head is thinner and more tendinous).
Insertion: accessory carpal bone.
Action: flexes carpus.
M. flexor digitorum superficialis
Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus.
Insertion: middle phalanx of digits II-V. (palmar surface).
Action: flexes carpus and affected joints of digits II-V.
M. flexor digitorum profundus
Origin:
- caput humerale: from medial epicondyle of humerus.
- caput radiale: proximo-medially from radius.
- caput ulnare: proximo-caudally from ulna.
Insertion: distal phalanx of digits I-V. (palmar surface, on the last phalanges’ flexor tubercle).
Action: flexes carpus and joints of digits I-V.
M. obliquus externus abdominis
Origin: superficial layer of fascia thoracolumbalis and lateral aspect of ribs 4-12.
Insertion: fibres run caudoventrally (\) to linea alba, caudally on pelvis it forms the inguinal ligament, and create medial and lateral crus around superficial inguinal ring.
Action: 1. maintaining abdominal pressure (urination, defecation, parturition).
2. protection of abdominal organs.
M. obliquus internus abdominis
Origin: superficial layer of thoracolumbar fascia, tuber coxae, and from ligamentum inguinale.
Insertion: fibres run cranioventrally (///) to linea alba. At the preumbilical site it has an outer and an inner layer which envelops m. rectus abdominis.
Action: 1. maintaining abdominal pressure (urination, defecation, parturition)
2. protection.
M. transversus abdominis
Origin: by means of deep layer of thoracolumbar fascia from transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae, and from medial surface of false ribs; lumbar nerves crossing on its outer surface.
Insertion: fibres run transversely (|||) to linea alba.
Action: 1. maintaining abdominal pressure (urination, defecation, parturition).
2. protection.
M. rectus abdominis
Origin: cranially from sternum.
Rectus sheet is formed around this muscle, and four regions could be distinguished where above mentioned muscles contribute
(external oblique=E, internal oblique=I, transverse=T, rectus=R, fascia transversa abdominis and peritoneum=P).
An outer to inner (or lateromedial) order listed below in the different regions:
o thoracic: E — R — thoracic wall
o preumbilical: E — I — R — I — T — P
o umbilical: E — I — R — T — P
o postumbilical: E — I — T — R — P
Insertion: pecten ossis pubis (on prepubic tendon, together with m. pectineus).
Action: 1. maintaining abdominal pressure (urination, defecation, parturition). 2. protection.
M. psoas minor
Origin: bodies of last few thoracic and 1-5th lumbar vertebrae; mainly tendinous.
Insertion: arcuate line of iliac bone, near to iliopubic eminence.
Action:
- If vertebral column is fixed: draws pelvis into a deeper position.
- When pelvis is fixed: arches lumbar region and flexes vertebral column.
M. quadratus lumborum
Origin: 11-13th thoracic vertebra ventrally, last two ribs, lumbar vertebra’s transverse processes.
Insertion: medial surface of iliac wing (between articular surface and cranial ventral iliac spine of tuber coxae).
Action: fixation and dorsal flexion of vertebral column.
m. psoas major
one of the m. ilipsoas muscles
Origin: starts ventrally from bodies and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae.
Insertion: together on trochanter minor of femur (medially).
Action: draws pelvic limb forward by flexing the hip; when femur is fixed: flexion and fixation of vertebral column.
m. iliacus
one of the m. ilipsoas muscles
Origin: two m. iliacus arising between arcuate line and lateral border of iliac bone.
Insertion: together on trochanter minor of femur (medially).
Action: - draws pelvic limb forward by flexing the hip.
- when femur is fixed: flexion and fixation of vertebral column.
M. gluteus superficialis
Origin: sacrum and first caudal vertebrae, partly from sacrotuberous ligament; (and by means of deep gluteal fascia also from cranial dorsal iliac spine).
Insertion: on tuberositas glutea (below greater trochanter).
Action: extension of hip.
M. gluteus medius
Origin: crista iliaca and gluteal surface of iliac bone.
Insertion: greater trochanter of femur.
Action: strongest extensor of hip joint.
M. piriformis
Origin: last sacral and first caudal vertebrae.
Insertion: greater trochanter of femur.
Action: extension of hip joint.
M. gluteus profundus
Origin: gluteal surface and body of iliac bone.
Insertion: greater trochanter of femur.
Action: extension of hip joint.
M. obturatorius externus
Origin: outer surface of pelvis, around foramen obturatum.
Insertion: trochanteric fossa of femur.
Action: lateral rotation (supination) of hindlimb.
M. gemelli
Origin: lateral side on corpus ossis ischii (ventral to lesser sciatic notch – incisura ischiadica minor).
Insertion: trochanteric fossa of femur.
Action: lateral rotation (supination) of hindlimb.
M. obturatorius internus
Origin: inner surface of pelvis around for. obturatum (from regions of ramus cranialis et caudalis ossis pubis, ramus ossis ischii and tabula ossis ischii).
Insertion: after crossing lesser sciatic notch it will attach
in trochanteric fossa of femur; its tendon runs over
the muscle belly of m. gemelli.
Action: lateral rotation (supination) of hindlimb.
M. quadratus femoris
Origin: ventral surface of tabula ossis ischii (medial to tuber ischiadicum).
Insertion: trochanteric fossa of femur.
Action: extension of hip joint and lateral rotation of hindlimb.
M. biceps femoris
Origin: its cranial part on sacrotuberous ligament, caudal part on tuber ischiadicum.
Insertion: by means of fascia lata and crural fascia to patella, patellar ligament, and tibial tuberosity and tibial crest, tuber calcanei by an accessory tendon.
Action: extends hip, and hock; its cranial part extends, caudal part flexes stifle.
M. tensor fasciae latae
Origin: tuber coxae (cranial ventral iliac spine and spina alaris).
Insertion: radiates into fascia lata and fascia cruris. Its superficial fascial layer covers thigh, deep fascial layer surrounds m. quadriceps femoris and attaches to femur.
Action: tenses fascia lata, flexes hip and extends stifle.
M. abductor cruris caudalis
Origin: distal part of sacrotuberous ligament.
Insertion: disappears in crural fascia on lateral side (it runs first medial, then lateral to m. biceps femoris).
Action: abducts hindlimb, flexes stifle.
M. semitendinosus
Origin: tuber ischiadicum.
Insertion: tibial crest (medially), and tuber calcanei by means of an accessory tendon.
Action: extends hip, flexes stifle and extends hock.
M. semimembranosus
Origin: ventral aspect of tuber ischiadicum.
Insertion: cranial belly distally on medial lip and medial condyle of femur, caudal muscle belly on medial condyle of tibia (behind medial collateral ligament).
Action: extends hip and flexes stifle joint.
M. sartorius
In dogs it has a cranial and caudal part
Origin: iliac crest, cranial ventral iliac spine, thoracolumbar fascia.
Insertion: radiating into fascia lata and crural fascia.
- cranial part: inserts above stifle joint.
- caudal part: inserts below stifle joint (the latter medially reaches tibial crest).
Action: flexes hip, extends or flexes stifle (depending on which part contracts more).
M. quadriceps femoris
has four muscle bellies
Origin:
- m. rectus femoris: from body of ilium (area m. recti femoris medialis et lat.),
The three vastus proximally on femur:
- vastus lateralis: from its craniolateral,
- vastus medialis: from its craniomedial and
- vastus intermedius: from its cranial surface.
Insertion: patella, and by means of patellar ligament on tibial tuberosity.
Action: 1. strongest extensor of stifle joint.
2. m. rectus femoris also flexes hip.
M. pectineus
Origin: pecten ossis pubis, prepubic tendon.
Insertion: medial lip of rough surface on femoral shaft (labium mediale ossis femoris, next to facies aspera).
Action: adduction of thigh.
M. adductor
Origin:
- m. adductor longus: from ramus cranialis ossis pubis.
- m. adductor magnus et brevis: from symphysis pelvis (tendo symphysialis), ramus caudalis ossis pubis and ramus ossis ischi.
Insertion: facies aspera and labium laterale of femur.
Action: adducts hindlimb and extends hip.
M. gracilis
Origin: symphysis pelvis (by means of tendo symphysialis).
Insertion: medially on tibial crest, fascia cruris, tuber calcanei by an accessory tendon to common calcaneal tendon.
Action:
- adducts hindlimb.
- extends hip.
- flexes stifle.
- extends tarsus.
M. tibialis cranialis
Origin: cranial margin of lateral condyle and crest of tibia.
Insertion: medial side on os tarsi I. and Mt I-II.
Action: flexes tarsus.
M. peroneus longus
also called: m. fibularis longus
Origin: cranial margin of tibia’s lateral condyle, head of fibula, lateral collateral ligament.
Insertion: first attaches to os tarsi 4+5 (on its plantar surface), then extends to all metatarsal bones’ plantar base.
Action: flexes tarsus.
M. peroneus brevis
also called: m. fibularis brevis
Origin: laterally on distal third of fibula (and partly on tibia).
Insertion: base of Mt. V.
Action: flexes tarsus.
M. extensor digitorum longus (hindlimb)
Origin: fossa extensoria on lateral femoral condyle.
Insertion: extensor processes of distal phalanx of digits II-V.
Action: extends joints of digits and flexes tarsus.
M. extensor digitorum lateralis (hindlimb)
Origin: proximal third of fibula.
Insertion: unites with long digital extensor’s tendon to reach digit V. distal phalanx.
Action: extension and abduction of digit V.
M. extensor digiti I. [hallucis] longus
Origin: from middle third of fibula.
Insertion: radiates into fascia over metacarpophalangeal joint of digit II.
Action: extends digit II. (and digit I. if present)
M. gastrocnemius
Origin: medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of femur
(inside their heads – caput mediale and laterale – there are sesamoid /Vesalius/ bones, former: fabellae).
Insertion: on tuber calcanei
(as a part of common calcaneal tendon)
Action: flexes stifle, extends tarsus.
M. flexor digitorum superficialis (hindlimb)
Origin: fossa supracondylaris of femur, partly fused with m. gastrocnemius caput lateralis.
Insertion: its plantar tendon (tendo plantaris) turns from medial to lateral direction around common calcaneal tendon, on the surface of tuber calcanei it makes a cap (galea calcanea), then finally attaches to middle phalanx of digits II-V. on plantar surface.
Action: flexes stifle, extends hock, flexes joints of digits II-V.
M. tibialis caudalis
Origin: caudally on head of fibula.
Insertion: medially at tarsus it radiates into tarsal fascia.
Action: extends tarsus.
M. popliteus
Origin: fossa m. poplitei on lateral femoral condyle.
Insertion: it twists caudally under lig. collaterale laterale, then inserts caudally on proximal part of tibia, on linea m. poplitei.
Action: flexes stifle, rotates leg medially.
M. flexor digitorum profundus (hindlimb)
Origin: m. flexor digitorum lateralis (former: m. flexor hallucis longus) from proximal caudal half of fibula, proximal caudolateral border of tibia and from interosseous membrane; m. flexor digitorum medialis (former: m. flexor digitorum longus) starts caudo-proximally from tibia. Below tarsus the two parts unite.
Insertion: plantar surface of distal phalanx of digits II-V. (on tuberculum flexorium).
Action: extends tarsus, flexes joint if digits II-V.
m. peroneus tertius-
eq only
(purely tendinous)
Origin: together with m. extensor digitorum longus from fossa
extensoria.
Insertion: on distal tarsal bones, proximal end of Mt, splitting into two
branches.
Action:
1. flex the tarsus, extends stifle.
2. important part of passive stay
apparatus
in eq, which 2 muscles does m. triceps surae contain ?
m. gastrocnemius & m. soleus
m. subclavius
eq, Ru, su only
Origin: 1-4. costal cartilage, sternum.
Insertion: bends with m. supraspinatus and shoulder fascia.
Action: suspension of the trunk.
