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A Level Psychology Methods > Orig. S.B NOW ALL METHODS > Flashcards

Orig. S.B NOW ALL METHODS Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure for 15 marker? (Generic)

A

For each element ie sampling tech. :

  • knowledge and understanding
    WHAT IT IS (ELEMENT)
  • application of elements in context of investigation
    HOW WOULD USE
  • justification of elements
    WHY
  • links to own experience
    OWN PRACTICAL IE REPLICA GRANT
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2
Q

4 main methods of investigation AND examples

A
  • self report
    Surveys, questionnaire’s, interviews
  • a correlation
    Statistics (scatter graphs), ie maths based)
  • an observation
    Watching people
  • an experiment
    Only scientific method: lab, field, quasi
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3
Q

Non- experimental methods

A

Observation techniques

Self report

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4
Q

List all ethical guidelines and outline briefly what they are

A
  • informed consent
    Participant told what is required so can make informed decision to take part
  • respect
    Value the dignity and worth of all ps
  • right to withdraw
    Tell ps they have the right to withdraw including their data at any point

-confidentiality
Right to expect their information is treated confidentiality and if published unidentifiable that it’s theirs

  • competence
    High levels of competence + operating to function within recognised limits
  • responsibility
    Value their responsibilities including avoidance of harm and prevention of misuse or abuse of their contributions
  • protection of participants
    Protect ps from physical and mental harm during investigate
  • debrief
    Ps are aware they have taken part in an investigation and provide the ps with any necessary information to complete their understanding
  • integrity
    Value honesty accuracy clarity and fairness in their interactions with all persons
  • deception
    Misleading of ps is unacceptable if they are likely to object once debriefed
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5
Q

List and briefly explain what all the methods for investigating behaviour

A
  • observation
    Watching
  • experiment
    Testing for cause and effect
  • self report
    Asking questions
  • correlation
    Testing for a relationship
  • case study
    In depth study of one person or small group
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6
Q

Give the research methods and briefly explain what they are

A
  • experimental
    Only way to show cause and effect
  • non- experimental
    Describe behaviour and see patterns
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7
Q

Name and explain the different types of studies

A
  • Longitudinal study
    Long experiment
  • snapshot study
    Quick / one day
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8
Q

What is a laboratory experiment

A

Artificial and highly controlled

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9
Q

What is field experiment

A

Naturalistic experiment

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10
Q

What is quasi experiment

A

IV naturally occurring

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11
Q

Observation

A

Watching variables / people in situation

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12
Q

Survey / questionnaire

A

Self report method
See peoples attitudes

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13
Q

Correlation

A

Relationship

Looking for a relationship between 2 co-variables

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14
Q

Advantages of laboratory experiment

A

Highly controlled (control other factors)

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15
Q

Disadvantages of laboratory experiment

A

People being observed may change their behaviour so results not always accurate - high demand characteristics

Not in natural environment, so results may vary

Short:

  • not always accurate because demand characteristics
  • not natural environment (low ecological validity)
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16
Q

Advantages field experiment

A

Natural environment / don’t know being observed so more accurate - naturalistic

Low demand characteristics

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17
Q

Disadvantages of field experiment

A

Lower control

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18
Q

Advantages quasi experiment

A

Easier because variable is established (don’t need to manipulate situation)

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19
Q

Disadvantage quasi experiment

A

Less flexible

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20
Q

Advantages observation

A

Collect true results / behaviours - low demand characteristics

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21
Q

Disadvantages observation

A

Time consuming
Not always covert / may know being watched

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22
Q

Advantages Survey / questionnaire

A

Varied opinions
Measuring cognitions (only method)

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23
Q

Disadvantages survey / questionnaire

A

May not be valid / truthful
Socially desirable responses

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24
Q

Advantages correlation

A

Useful for making predictions
Pre- experiment

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25
Q

Disadvantages correlation

A

Can’t state cause and effect (scientific)

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26
Q

Types of sampling techniques

A

Random
Opportunity
Self selected / volunteer
Snowball

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27
Q

Random sampling

A

Every member population equal chance of appearing in sample

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28
Q

Opportunity sample

A

Asking people who are available at the time

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29
Q

Self selected / volunteer sample

A

Participant choose themselves

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30
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Get participants from existing ones asking friends / family / relevant people when they need a bigger sample

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31
Q

Advantage of random sampling

A

Usually get a range of participants from large area

Not bias

Most representative

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32
Q

Disadvantage random sampling

A

Not always possible / practical

Not everyone willing

Chance bias

Time consuming

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33
Q

Advantage opportunity sampling

A

Good way to find relevant people

Quick / easy

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34
Q

Disadvantages opportunity

A

Hard to get non bias / wide range sample

Likely to be ethnocentric

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35
Q

Advantages self selected

A

Participants most keen / willing

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36
Q

Disadvantages self selected

A

Most likely to obedient / certain type of people ie students

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37
Q

Snowball sampling advantage

A

Easy way to gain more participants

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38
Q

Disadvantages snowball

A

Less direct / controlled as to who takes part

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39
Q

IV

A

Manipulated

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40
Q

DV

A

Measured

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41
Q

Experiment method

What does
How

A

Show cause and effect

By controlling testing environment so only IV is different between 2 or more groups

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42
Q

Confounding variable

A

variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable

43
Q

Types of experimental designs

A

Repeated measures

Independent measures

Matched pairs

44
Q

Repeated measure

A

Same participants in each condition / group

45
Q

Independent measures

A

Different participants in each conditions

46
Q

Matched pairs

A

Different but similar participants

47
Q

Positive and negatives of repeated measures

A

P
Consistence - can compare results

N
Fatigue effect

48
Q

Positive and negatives of independent measures

A

P
No fatigue effects

N
Confounding variable: diff personalities

49
Q

Positive and negatives of matched pairs

A

P
Similar but no fatigue effect

N
Still different people even if similar

50
Q

Participant variables

A

Characteristics of ps ie age

51
Q

Order effects

A

Ps get bored / tired / preform differently between condition A and B

52
Q

Fatigue effects

A

Decline in performance - becoming tired / bored with task

53
Q

Practice effects

A

Any change or improvement in results from repeating task - effects validity

54
Q

Counterbalance

A

Method for dealing with order effects where each condition comes first in equal measure

55
Q

Alternate hypothesis

A

Participants who … will .. significantly …. In ….. than participants who

Include IV and DV + operationalise

56
Q

One tailed hypothesis

A

Participants who …. Will be … than with …..

57
Q

One tailed
Name
What does

A

Directional
Predicts direction of a difference between groups

58
Q

Two tailed
Name
What does

A

Predicts that there will be a significant difference between groups

59
Q

Two tailed hypothesis structure

A

There will be a significant difference between … and …

60
Q

Type 1 error

A

Researcher accepts alternative hypothesis when they should have accepted null hypothesis

61
Q

Type 2 error

A

Researcher accepts the null hypothesis when they should have accepted the alternative hypothesis

62
Q

Question types

A

Open
Closed
Scale questions

63
Q

Types of scales

A

Semantic differential rating scale

Likert scale

64
Q

Semantic differential rating scale

A

Have 7 points separated by 2 opposing adjectives

65
Q

Osgood scale

A

Points separated by two opposing adjectives

66
Q

Likert scale

A

Ps respond to a statement usually to show how much they agree or disagree with it

67
Q

Open questions

A

Ps responds by writing as much as they want

68
Q

Closed questions

A

Ps have forced choice of answers - yes or no in response to a provided statement

69
Q

Positive and negatives of open question

A

P
Qualitative data - detail and words

N
Hard to analyse (use content analysis, but time consuming )

70
Q

Positive and negatives of closed questions

A

P
Easy to analyse because contains quantitive data

N
Limit responses so not entirely valid

71
Q

Positive and negatives of scales

A

P
Quantitative data, easy to amylose

N
Subjective - different people answer differently (interpretation)

72
Q

Structured interviews

A

Fixed set of questions (same for all)

73
Q

Positive and negatives of structured interview

A

P
Standardised

N
Time consuming
Skilled researching required
Limits the responses

74
Q

Semi structured interview

A

Fixed set of questions but allows interviewers to introduce new questions

75
Q

Positive and negatives of semi structured interviews

A

P
Unrestricted answers
More structured but more freedom

N
Less replicable
More distracted

76
Q

Unstructured interview

A

May have set of discussion topics but are less constrained about how the conversation goes

77
Q

Positive and negatives of unstructured interviews

A

P
Getting lots of detailed data

N
Easily distracted / off topic

78
Q

Inter rated reliability

A

Extent to which different observers are able to observe and rate the Same behaviour in the same way

At least 80%

If high = more reliable

79
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency and replicability

80
Q

Participant observation

A

Observer acts as part of group being watched

81
Q

Positive and negatives of participant observation

A

P
See close hand - better insight

N
Hard to stay objective
Distractions / hard to record during multitasking

82
Q

Non participant observation

A

Experimenter does not become part of group being observed

83
Q

Positive and negatives of non participant observation

A

P
Remain objective throughout

N
Far out: hard to see and know what is going on

84
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Behaviour is studied in a natural situation where everyone has been left as normal

85
Q

Positive and negatives of naturalistic

A

P
Generalisable: not changing situation, can apply to other situations + real behaviours seen
High ecological validity

N
Difficult to / low in control

86
Q

Controlled observation

A

Some variables are controlled and manipulated by the experimenter

87
Q

Positive and negatives of controlled observation

A

P
High control

N
Low ecological validity
People unlikely to behave how they normally would

88
Q

Overt observation

A

Ps know they are being observed

89
Q

Covert observation

A

Ps are aware they are being observed

90
Q

Positive and negatives of overt observation

A

P
Ethical

N
Demand characteristics (likely)

91
Q

Positive and negatives of covert

A

P
Low demand characteristics (likely)

N
Unethical (if somewhere ps think private, not public spaces where they expect to be seen)

92
Q

Time sampling

A

Observations made at regular time intervals

93
Q

Event sampling

A

Observers record specific occurrences of predetermined behaviours every time they occur continuously throughout the whole duration of observation period

94
Q

Positive and negatives of event sampling

A

P
More focussed on observing

N
Could miss important behaviours

95
Q

Positive and negatives of time sampling

A

P
Get all behaviours

N
Loose focus

96
Q

Positive correlation

A
97
Q

Negative correlation

A
98
Q

Co variables

A
99
Q

Hypothesis for correlation

A
100
Q

Write hypothesis for correlational study;
Taller people tend to be more successful in their careers

A
101
Q

Null hypothesis for correlation

A
102
Q

Strengths of correlation

A
103
Q

Negative of correlation

A
104
Q

ADD FLASHCARDS FOR RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ONWARDS.

A

FINISH!

A Level Psychology Methods (7 decks)

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