Orientation To The Human Body Flashcards
Briefly describe the levels of structural organization in the body.
(1) Atoms - made of subatomic particles (e.g. electron, proton)
(2) molecule - combination of atoms
(3) organelles - combination of functioning units and membrane enclosed with cytoplasm, water-based cellular fluid.
(4) cells - made up of molecules ,smallest functional unit.
(5) tissues - consist of similar types of cells
(6) organs - consist of two or more tissues
(7) organ levels - organs made up of different types of tissues
(8) organ system levels - consists of different organs that work together closely
(9) organisms - made up of many organ systems
Define the meaning of the Latin and Greek terms commonly to designate body regions:
- Superior (cranial or cephalad)
- Inferior (caudal)
- Ventral (anterior)
- Dorsal (posterior)
- Medial
- Lateral
- Intermediate
- Proximal
- Distal
- Superficial (external)
- Deep (internal)
- Towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above.( e.g. the forehead is superior to the nose)
- Away from the head end or towards the lower part of a structure or the body; below(e.g. the belly button is inferior to the breastbone)
- Towards or at the front of the body; in front of(e.g. the breastbone is anterior to the spine)
- Towards or at the backside of the body;behind(e.g. the heart is posterior to the breastbone)
- Towards or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of(e.g. the heart is medial to the arms)
- Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of(e.g. the arms are lateral to the chest)
- Between a more medial and a more lateral structure(e.g. the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and the shoulder)
- Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (the elbow is proximal to the wrist - meaning that the elbow is closer to the shoulder or attachment point of the arm than the wrist is)
- Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. (E.g. the knee is distal to the thigh)
- Towards or at the body surface (e.g.the skin is superficial to the skeleton)
- Away from the body surface; more internal (e.g.the lungs are deep to the rib cage)
Define the different fields of study within the anatomical sciences.
- Embryology
- Histology
- Gross anatomy
- The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
- The study of the microscopic structure of tissues.
- The branch of anatomy that deals with the structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye.
Define the anatomical terms position and relation, and anatomical planes( plane, sagittal plane, Frontal plane, transverse plane).
Position - a particular arrangement or location; specifically an arrangement of the parts of the body considered particularly desirable for some medical or surgical procedure.
Relation - an aspect or quality that connects two or more things or parts as being or belonging or working together, as being of the same kind, or as being logically connected.
Plane - an imaginary plane used to identify parts of the body or a part of the skull.
Sagittal plane - plane which divides the body into left and right parts ( if the plane is down the median plane it’s a mid-sagittal section. )
Frontal plane - plane which divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Transverse plane - plane which divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
Compare the dorsal and ventral body cavities in terms of position and contents.
The dorsal cavity, subdivided into the cranial and spinal cavities, contains the brain and spinal cord.
The ventral cavity is subdivided into the thoracic cavity, which houses the heart and lungs, and the abdominopelvic cavity, which contains the liver, digestive organs, and reproductive structures.
Describe the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity including their boundaries, contents and further subdivisions and membranes.
Boundaries
- ribcage, diaphragm, spine, pelvis, abdominal wall, first rib, pelvic diaphragm
Membranes
- serous membrane (lungs), peritoneum, diaphragm
Contents
- all structures within the thorax (lungs,heart,trachea) and abdomino-pelvic (stomach, liver, intestines, reproductive organs, bladder and rectum)
Define the nine regions and four quadrants of the abdomen.
Check the anterior view in the slides *
Four quadrants
- Right upper quadrant(RUQ)
- Left upper quadrant(LUQ)
- Right lower quadrant(RLQ)
- Left lower quadrant(LLQ)
Nine regions
- Right hypochondriac region - abdominal region under the ribs.
- Right lumbar region - vertebrate in the lower back.
- Right iliac (inguinal) region - the top of the hip bone has the iliac crest, the bone closest to the iliac region.
- Epigastric region - region over and above the stomach.
- Umbilical region - contains the navel(umbilicus), is the landmark for the four quadrants point of intersection, also makes up the middle of the 9 regions.
- Hypogastric (pubic) region - region below the stomach.
- Left hypochondriac region
- Left lumbar region
- Left iliac (inguinal) region
List the organs located in each abdominal quadrant.
RUQ - liver, gallbladder, duodenum, head of the pancreas, right adrenal gland, upper lobe of the right kidney, hepatic flexure of colon, section of ascending colon, section of transverse colon.
RLQ - lower lobe of right kidney, section of ascending colon, right fallopian tube (female), right ovary (female), part of uterus (if enlarged), right spermatic cord (male), cecum, appendix, right ureter.
LUQ - left lower part of liver, upper lobe of left kidney, splenic flexure of colon,section of transverse colon, section of descending colon,stomach, spleen, pancreas, left adrenal gland.
LLQ - lower lobe of left kidney, section of descending colon, left spermatic cord(male), part of uterus (if enlarged), sigmoid colon, left ureter, left ovary(female), left fallopian tube (female)
