Orientation to the Human Body Flashcards
The structure of the body
Anatomy
Function of the body
Physiology
Processes that disturb normal function of the body
Pathophysiology
Hierarchy of the human body
(8 Levels)
Atoms link to form…
Molecules are organized into various structures, including…
Organelles, the metabolic units within a cell that perdorm a specific function necessary to the life of the cell….
Organelles are contained within a cell…
Specialized groups of cells with similar structure and function are called tissues…
Tissues come together to form organs, which are structures of 2 or more tissues working together to carry out a particular function…
Organ Systems are groups of organs that all contribute to a particular function…
All of the organ systems together form a Human Organism.
How many types of tissues does the body contain?
The body contains four types of tissues:
Epithelial tissue covers or lines body surfaces; examples include the outer layer of the skin, the walls of capillaries, and kidney tubules.
Connective tissue connects and supports parts of the body; some transport and store materials; examples include bone, cartilage, and adipose tissues.
Muscle contracts to produce movement; examples include skeletal muscles and the heart.
Nerve tissue generates and transmits impulses to regulate body function; examples include the brain and nerves.
How many Organ systems does the human body contain?
The human body consists of 11 organ systems. The organs of each system contribute to a particular function. However, some organs belong to more than one system.
Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
Urinary system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Circulatory system
Digestive system
Reproductive system
Integumentary system
Consists of skin, hair, and nails
Key functions:
* Protection
* Temperature
regulation
* Water retention
* Sensation
Skeletal system
Consists of bones, cartilage, and ligaments
Key functions:
* Protection of body organs
* Support
* Movement
* Blood formation
Muscular system
Consists primarily of skeletal muscles
Key functions:
* Movement
* Posture
* Heat production
Lymphatic system
Consists of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, thymus, spleen, and tonsils
Key functions:
* Role in fluid
balance
* Production of
immune cells
* Defense against
disease
Respiratory system
Consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Key functions:
* Absorption of
oxygen
* Discharge of
carbon dioxide
* Acid-base
balance
* Speech
Urinary system
Consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Key functions:
* Excretion of
wastes
* Regulation of
blood volume
and pressure
* Control of fluid, electrolyte, and
acid-base balance
Nervous system
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs
Key functions:
* Control,
regulation, and coordination of other systems
* Sensation
* Memory
Endocrine system
Consists of the pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids, and other organs
Key functions:
* Hormone
production
* Control and
regulation of other systems
Circulatory system
Consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
Key functions:
* Distribution of
oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, immune cells, and antibodies
* Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Digestive system
Consists of the stomach, small and large intestines, esophagus, liver, mouth, and pancreas
Key functions:
* Breakdown and
absorption of
nutrients
* Elimination of
wastes
Male reproductive system
Consists of the testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, and penis
Key functions:
* Production and
delivery of sperm
* Secretion of sex
hormones
Female reproductive system
Consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and breasts
Key functions:
* Production of
eggs
* Site of fertilization
and fetal
development
* Birth
* Lactation
* Secretion of sex
hormones
Directional Terms (11)
Midline
Medial /Lateral
Distal/Proximal
Superior/Inferior
Anterior (Ventral)/Posterior (Dorsal)
Superficial/Deep
Midline
Middle of body (vertical)
Medial
Toward the body’s midline
Towards the midline
The ulna is medial to the radius
Lateral
Away from the body’s midline
Away from the midline
The radius is lateral to the ulna
Distal
Farthest from the point of origin
Furthest away from the point of reference
The shoulder joint is distal to the wrist joint
Proximal
Closest to the point of origin
Nearest to the point of reference
The wrist joint is proximal to the elbow joint
Superior
Above
Situated towards the head, or above a point of reference
The shoulder joint is superior to the elbow joint
Inferior
Below
Situated away from the head or below a point of reference
The intestines are inferior to the stomach
Anterior (Ventral)
Toward the front of the body
Front surface of the body, or structure
The biceps muscle is on the anterior surface of the upper arm
Posterior (Dorsal)
Toward the back of the body
Back surface of the body, or structure
The triceps muscle is on the posterior surface of the upper arm
Superficial
At or near the body’s surface
Near the body surface
The most superficial layer of the skin is the epidermis
Deep
Away from the body’s surface
Further from the body surface
The dermis is deep to the epidermis
Peripheral
Away from the centre; outer part of the body
Peripheral vision allows us to see things out of main focus
Central
At or near the centre
The brain and spinal cord are part of the central nervous system
Ipsilateral
On the same side as another structure
The right radius and right humerus are ipsilateral
Plantar
Relating to the sole of the foot
There is a central tendon on the plantar surface of the foot
Palmar
Relating to the palm side of the hand
The thenar muscle is on the palmar surface of the hand
Cuadal
Away from the head, or below a point of reference
The coccyx (tail bone) is an example of a caudal position
Cranial
Relating to the head end or skull (cranium)
The brain is located in the cranial cavity
Supine
Lying face up in a horizontal position
When receiving a facial a client lies supine
Prone
Lying face down in a horizontal position
When receiving a back massage a client lies prone
Contralateral
On the opposite side to another structure
The right and left kidneys are contralateral
Planes (3)
Sagittal
Transverse
Frontal
Sagittal Plane
Divides the body lengthwise into right and left sides
Called a midsagittal plane if the section is made exactly at midline
Often used in illustrations to reveal the organs in the head or pelvic cavity
Transverse Plane
Divides the body horizontally into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions
Also called a horizontal plane
Used by CT scanners to reveal
internal organs
Frontal Plane
Divides the body lengthwise into anterior and posterior portions
Also called a coronal plane
Often used in illustrations to
show the contents of the abdominal and thoracic cavities
The anatomical regions of the body (4)
The body is divided into:
● head and neck
● trunk
● upper limbs (arms)
● lower limbs (legs).
Regional terms for Head and Neck
Buccal - Cheek
Cephalic - Head
Cranial - Skull
Cervical - Neck
Facial - Face
Frontal - Forehead
Mental - Chin
Nasal - Nose
Occipital - Back of Head/Skull
Ophthalmic/Orbital - Eyes
Oral - Mouth
Otic - Ear
Regional terms for Upper
Brachial - Upper Arm
Carpal - Wrist
Cubital - Elbow
Digital/ Phalangeal - Fingers (& Toes)
Forearm - Lower Arm
Palmar - Palm of Hand
Regional terms for Lower Limbs
Calcaneal - Heel
Crural - Leg or Thigh
Digital/Phalangeal - Toes (& Fingers)
Femoral - Thigh
Patellar - Knee Cap
Pedal - Foot
Plantar - Sole of Foot
Popliteal - Hollow Behind Knee
Sural Tarsal- Ankle
Regional terms for The Trunk
Abdominal/Coeliac - Abdomen
Axillary - Armpit
Costal - Ribs
Gluteal - Buttocks
Inguinal - Groin
Lumbar - Lower Back
Mammary - Breast
Pectoral - Chest
Pelvic - Pelvis/Lower Abdomen
Pericardial - Heart
Perineal - Between Anus & Genitalia
Pubic - Pubis (Front of Pelvis)
Sacral - Sacrum
Thoracic-Thorax (Chest Cavity)
Umbilical - Navel
Vertebral - Spine/Backbone
Other General Anatomical Regional terms
Cutaneous - Skin
Body Cavities
Dorsal - Cranial & Vertabral/Spinal
Ventral- Thoracic & Abdominopelvic - Abdomenal & Pelvic
