Orientation in utero

Question 1

Childbirth begins with

Answer 1

the onset of labor,

Question 2

Childbirth begins with the onset of labor, which consists of

Answer 2

contractions that lead to progressive cervical dilation and effacement, eventually resulting in the birth of the infant and expulsion of the placenta.

Question 3

The process of normal childbirth depends on a high degree of

Answer 3

anatomical and physiological compatibility between the mother and child.

Question 4

The birth canal is

Answer 4

the passage consisting of the mother’s bony pelvis and soft tissues through which a fetus passes during vaginal delivery.

Question 5

Fetal orientation during childbirth is described in terms of

Answer 5

lie, presenting part, position, attitude of the presenting part, and station

Question 6

Fetal lie Definition

Answer 6

relation of the fetal long axis to the long axis of the maternal uterus

Question 7

Fetal lie Types

Answer 7

-Longitudinal lie: fetus is in the same axis (most common)
-Transverse lie: fetus is at a 90° angle
-Oblique lie: fetus is at a 45° angle

Question 8

Fetal presentation Definition

Answer 8

part of the fetus that overlies the maternal pelvic inlet

Question 9

Fetal presentation Types

Answer 9

1 -Cephalic presentation: head (most common)
2 -Breech presentation: buttocks or feet
3 -Frank breech: flexed hips and extended knees (buttocks presenting)
4 - Complete breech: thighs and legs flexed (cannonball position)
5 -Single footling breech: hip of one leg is flexed and the knee of the other is extended (one foot presenting)
6 -Double footling breech: both thighs and legs are extended (feet presenting)
7 -Compound presentation: ≥ 1 anatomical presenting part (e.g., cephalic or breech presentation with presentation of an extremity)
8 -Shoulder presentation: shoulder presentations combined with a transverse or oblique lie

Question 10

Fetal position Definition

Answer 10

relationship and orientation (i.e., fetal occiput pointing towards maternal left or right) of the presenting fetal part to the maternal pelvis

Question 11

Fetal position Types

Answer 11

• Occiput anterior position: Fetal occiput points towards maternal symphysis pubis; fetus faces downwards.
  +Left occiput anterior (LOA): Fetal back faces the maternal left, anterior fontanelle faces the maternal right, –sagittal suture lies in the right oblique diameter (most common position).
  +Right occiput anterior (ROA): Fetal back faces the maternal right, anterior fontanelle faces the maternal left, sagittal suture lies in the left oblique diameter.
• Occiput posterior position: Fetal occiput points towards the maternal sacral promontory with face to pubis symphysis; the fetus faces upward
• Sacrum in breech presentation
• Mentum (chin) in extended cephalic (face) presentation

Question 12

Fetal attitude [1]
Definition:

Answer 12

degree of extension/flexion of the fetal head during cephalic presentation

Question 13

Fetal attitude Types

Answer 13

-Vertex presentation (maximally flexed); most common attitude
-Brow presentation (partially extended)
-Face presentation (maximally extended)
+Mentum anteriorface presentation : Spontaneous vaginal delivery is possible .
+Mentum posterior face presentation
-Forehead presentation (partially flexed; military attitude): Spontaneous vaginal delivery is possible

Question 14

Station (Obstetrics) [2]
Definition

Answer 14

measurement (in cm) of the presenting part above and below the maternal ischial spine

Question 15

Station Description 0

Answer 15

the presenting part is at the level of the ischial spines

Question 16

Station Description -1, -2, -3

Answer 16

1, 2, and 3 cm above the level of the ischial spines, respectively

Question 17

Station Description +1, +2, +3

Answer 17

1, 2, and 3 cm below the level of the ischial spines, respectively