Orientation Flashcards
What is Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
of 3 types
Microscopic
Macroscopic- Gross anatomy
Developmental anatomy
Physiology- the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
What is Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy?
Study or parts or organs visible to the naked eye. Divided into 3 parts-
-Regional – all structures in one part of the body
(such as the abdomen or leg)
-Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied
by system
-Surface – study of internal structures as they
relate to the overlying skin
What is Microscopic Anatomy?
The study of the structure of cells and tissues in an organism using a microscope. Of 2 types-
-Cytology – study of the cell
-Histology – study of tissues
What is Developmental Anatomy?
Study of the structural changes throughout life
Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth
What are the Specialized Branches of Anatomy?
-Pathological anatomy – study of structural changes caused by disease
-Radiographic anatomy – study of internal structures visualized by X ray
-Molecular biology – study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level
What is Physiology? (detailed answer)
Considers the operation of specific organ systems
Renal – kidney function
Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous
system
Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and
blood vessels
Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level.
Understanding physiology also requires a
knowledge of physics, which explains electrical
currents, blood pressure, and the way muscle uses bone for movement.
What is the Principle of Complementarity?
Structure always reflects function.
What a structure can do depends on its specific form.
What are the levels of Organization?
Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules
Cellular – cells are made of molecules
Tissue – consists of similar types of cells
Organ – made up of different types of tissues
Organ system – consists of different organs that
work closely together
Organismal – made up of the organ systems
What is Integumentary system? Name 2 functions.
Forms the external body covering.
Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands,
hair, and nails.
Protects deep tissues from injury and
synthesizes vitamin D.
What is the Skeletal System?
Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments.
Protects and supports body organs.
Provides the framework for muscles.
Site of blood cell formation.
Stores minerals.
What is the Muscular System?
Composed of muscles and tendons.
Allows manipulation of the environment,
locomotion, and facial expression.
Maintains posture.
Produces heat.
What is the Nervous System?
Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves.
Is the fast-acting control system of the body.
Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and
glands.
What is the Cardiovascular System?
Composed of the heart and blood vessels
The heart pumps blood
The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
What is the Lymphatic System?
Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and
returns it to blood.
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
Houses white blood cells involved with immunity.
What is the Respiratory System?
Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea,
bronchi, and lungs.
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes
carbon dioxide.
What is the Digestive System?
Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
-Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
-Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
What is the Urinary System?
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.
Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood.
Describe the Male Reproductive System.
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.
Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood.
Describe the female reproductive system.
Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.
Main function is the production of offspring.
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.
Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the
newborn.
Give an example for Organ-system Interrelationships.
The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment.
Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen.
Name all the necessary life functions.
Maintaining boundaries – the internal environment remains distinct from the external.
Cellular level – accomplished by plasma
membranes.
Organismal level – accomplished by the skin.
Movement – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility.
Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them.
Digestion – breakdown of ingested foodstuffs.
Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
Excretion – removal of wastes from the body.
Reproduction – cellular and organismal levels.
Cellular – an original cell divides and produces
two identical daughter cells.
Organismal – sperm and egg unite to make a
whole new person.
Growth – increase in size of a body part or of
the organism.
What are all the Survival needs.
Nutrients – chemical substances used for energy and cell building.
Oxygen – needed for metabolic reactions
Water – provides the necessary environment for
chemical reactions.
Maintaining normal body temperature – necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates.
Atmospheric pressure – required for proper
breathing and gas exchange in the lungs.
What is Homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world.
The internal environment of the body is in a
dynamic state of equilibrium.
Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to
maintain homeostasis.
What is the Homeostatic Control Mechanism?
-The variable produces a change in the body
-The three interdependent components of control mechanisms are:
Receptor – monitors the environments and
responds to changes (stimuli)
Control center – determines the set point at
which the variable is maintained
Effector – provides the means to respond to
the stimulus
