Orgo Exam 1

Question 1

name what classifies as one domain

Answer 1

lone pair, single bond, double bond, triple bond

Question 2

variation in charge

Answer 2

polarity

Question 3

cause of polarity

Answer 3

differences in electronegativity

Question 4

the propensity of an atom in a covalent bond to attract and to hold onto electrons

Answer 4

electronegativity

Question 5

— is more electronegative than column 3 despite trends

Answer 5

hydrogen

Question 6

— is always nonpolar although all of the bonds are considered to be polar

Answer 6

C-H groups

Question 7

visual representations of the calculated electron density within a molecule

Answer 7

electrostatic potential maps

Question 8

blue represents —

Answer 8

low electron density

Question 9

red represents —

Answer 9

high electron density

Question 10

the forces within a single molecule. these include true covalent bonds and weaker forces as well

Answer 10

intramolecular forces

Question 11

control structure and shape of individual molecules—think folded proteins

Answer 11

intramolecular forces

Question 12

the forces between molecules

Answer 12

intermolecular forces

Question 13

3 types of intermolecular forces (strongest to weakest)

Answer 13

hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole, dispersion forces (LDF)

Question 14

special dipole interactions between a hydrogen and a N, O, F that interact with a N, O, F

Answer 14

hydrogen bond

Question 15

weak interactions between compounds with permanent dipole moments

Answer 15

dipole-dipole

Question 16

temporary dipole that is induced by a temporary or full charge

Answer 16

dispersion forces

Question 17

organic compounds are often classified by the reactivity of specific groups of atoms that have a particular property. These groups are called —

Answer 17

functional groups

Question 18

a molecules functional group is a key factor in determining its —

Answer 18

reactivity

Question 19

tells how many sand p orbitals are involved in forming sigma bond

Answer 19

hybridization

Question 20

place valence e in its orbitals with same energy to minimize repulsion

Answer 20

hunds rule

Question 21

why cant H hybridize

Answer 21

bc H only has 1s orbitals

Question 22

overlapping of hybrid orbitals

Answer 22

single bond

Question 23

sigma bonds formed by overlapping hybrid orbitals with the 1s orbitals of H

Answer 23

single H bond

Question 24

combination of one sigma bond and 1 pi bond formed by overlapping parallel, unhybridized 2p orbitals

Answer 24

double bonds

Question 25

combination of 1 sigma and 2 pi bonds formed by the overlap of two sets of parallel, unhybridized 2p orbitals

Answer 25

triple bonds

Question 26

stability rules (resonance) in order of importance

Answer 26

1. more valid result in a better resonance structure (bc you don't want empty orbitals) 2. no charge, but if there is a charge- opposite charges stabilize, like charges are worst 3. least separation of unlike charges (bc separation of charges cost energy) 4. if charges, the - should be on the more electronegative and + on the least electronegative

Question 27

as you increase the ---, the bond gets shorter

Answer 27

s character

Question 28

why do the bonds get shorter as the s character increases?

Answer 28

bc the electrons in it are held to the nucleus

Question 29

why are multiple bonds stronger?

Answer 29

bc the overlap of orbitals lying on the same axis and forming sigma bonds is more efficient than the orbitals lying parallel to each other and forming pi bonds

Question 30

have the same formula but different

Answer 30

constitutional isomers

Question 31

a way to view a molecule by looking along a c-c single bond to help evaluate the relative orientations of attached groups

Answer 31

Newman Projection

Question 32

5 patterns to recognize when drawing resonance structures

Answer 32

1. a lone pair next to a pi bond 2. a lone pair next to a positive charge 3. a pi bond next to a positive charge 4. a pi bond between two atoms, where one of those atoms is electronegative 5. pi bonds going all the way around a ring

Question 33

electrons have wave particle duality, what does this mean

Answer 33

electrons move like waves but they also behave like particles. They have energy and mass

Question 34

how to name cycloalkanes

Answer 34

name the ring based on the number of carbons but the prefix of cylco-. If multiple substituents exist, they have the same priority, then number the ring so you have the lowest total number. Start numbering at the biggest substituent

Question 35

Anti Newman Proection

Answer 35

staggered (60 degree interaction) , two main groups are opposite each other, lowest energy, most stable

Question 36

gauche Newman Projection

Answer 36

staggered (60 degree interaction), two main groups are next to each other, medium energy

Question 37

sin Newman projection

Answer 37

eclipsed (one right behind the other), main groups are right on top of each other, highest energy, least stable

Question 38

eclipsed but not sin

Answer 38

on top of each other, but the main groups are not directly on top of each other, higher energy than gauche but less than sin.

Question 39

c-c bonds and c-h bonds are generally ---

Answer 39

unreactive

Question 40

c-c bonds and c-h bonds can undergo ---

Answer 40

free radical reactions

Question 41

a common free radical reaction

Answer 41

combustion

Question 42

we can use the ---to understand the potential energy of compounds, meaning we can see the amount of energy per carbon

Answer 42

heat of combustion

Question 43

why would one molecule have more potential energy per carbon?

Answer 43

ring strain

Question 44

2 causes of ring strain

Answer 44

poor orbital overlap (this in common in molecules w few carbons) sterics: when molecules physically do not have enough space so they bump into each other

Question 44

What do we use chair structures for?

Answer 44

Cyclohexane

Question 45

In a chair structure-above

Answer 45

Axial

Question 46

In a chair structure-- slanted

Answer 46

Equatorial

Question 47

Which substituent in chair structures is more hindered?

Answer 47

Axial

Question 48

Same direction

Answer 48

Cis

Question 49

Different directions

Answer 49

Trans

Question 50

Wedge

Answer 50

Up

Question 51

Dashed wedge

Answer 51

Down