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Beliefs In Society - SCLY3 > Organsiations, Movements And Members > Flashcards

Organsiations, Movements And Members Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Identify 5 characteristics of a church

A

Large organisation, many members, bureaucratic hierarchy of priests, claim a monopoly of the truth, inclusive

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2
Q

Why are churches more attractive to the middle class?

A

They are ideologically conservative and are often closely linked to the state

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3
Q

Identify 5 characteristics of a sect

A

Small organisation, exclusive, hostile to wider society, expect a high level of commitment and often have charismatic leaders

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4
Q

How are sects similar to churches?

A

They claim a monopoly of the truth

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5
Q

What sort of people do sects attract?

A

The poor and oppressed

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6
Q

What two types of religious organisation does Richard Niebuhr describe?

A

Denominations and cults

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7
Q

What two types of religious organisation does Ernst Troeltsch distinguish between?

A

Churches and Sects

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8
Q

How does Neibuhr describe denominations such as Methodism?

A

He describes them as lying midway between churches and sects

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9
Q

Identify 5 features of denominations

A

Quite large, membership is less exclusive than sects, they accept society’s values, low levels of demand from members and they do not claim a monopoly of the truth

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10
Q

Identify 5 key features of cults

A

Poorly organised, highly individualistic, small, tolerant of other organisations and they do not demand strong commitment from followers

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11
Q

Who do cults tend to be led by?

A

Practitioners or therapists who claim to have special knowledge

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12
Q

According to Roy Wallis, how do churches, sects, denominations and cults differ in the way they see themselves?

A

Churches and sects claim that their interpretation of the faith is the only legitimate or correct one whereas denominations and cults accept that there can be many valid interpretations

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13
Q

According to Roy Wallis, how do churches, sects, denominations and cults differ in the way they are seen by wider society?

A

Churches and denominations are seen as respectable and legitimate, whereas sects and cults are seen deviant

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14
Q

Since the 1960s what sort of religious organisations have significantly increased?

A

New religious movements

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15
Q

Give two examples of NRMs

A

Moonies and Transcendental meditation

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16
Q

Row Wallis categorises NRMs into three groups. What are they?

A

World-rejecting NRMs, World-accommodating NRMs and World-affirming NRMs

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17
Q

Give 3 examples of World-rejecting NRMs

A

The Moonies, Branch Davidians and the People’s temple

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18
Q

Identify 5 key features of World-rejecting NRMs

A

They have a clear notion of God, they are highly critical of the outside world, they demand significant changes from members former lives, members have restricted access to the outside world and they often have conservative moral codes

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19
Q

What do World-accommodating NRMs tend to be breakaways from?

A

Existing mainstream churches or denominations

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20
Q

Give an example of a world-accommodating NRM

A

Neo-Pentecostalists who split from Catholicism

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21
Q

Name 4 features of World-accommodating NRMs

A

They neither accept or reject the world, they focus on religious rather than worldly matter, they seek to restore the spiritual purity of religion and their members tend to lead conventional lives

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22
Q

Give an example of a World-affirming NRM

A

Scientology

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23
Q

How do World-affirming NRMs view the world?

A

They accept the world as it is

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24
Q

Are World-affirming NRMs exclusive or non-exclusive?

A

Non-exclusive

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25
Q

How do World-affirming NRMs view other religions, and what do they claim to offer?

A

They are tolerant of other religions, but they claim to offer additional special knowledge or techniques that enable followers to unlock their own spiritual powers and achieve success or overcome problems such as unhappiness or illness

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26
Q

What are most World-affirming NRMs, and how are their followers described?

A

Cults whose followers are described as customers rather than members

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27
Q

What is Wallis criticised of ignoring?

A

The diversity of beliefs that may exist within a NRM

28
Q

What two types of religious organisation does Stark and Bainbridge identify that are in conflict with wider society?

A

Sects and cults

29
Q

According to Stark and Bainbridge, how are sects formed?

A

Sects result from schisms - splits in existing organisations

30
Q

What sort of benefits do Stark and Bainbridge see sects as promising?

A

Other-worldly benefits (e.g a place in heaven)

31
Q

What sort of benefits do Stark and Bainbridge see cults as promising?

A

This-worldly benefits (e.g good health)

32
Q

What are the 3 categories of cults?

A

Audience cults, client cults and celtic movements

33
Q

Give 3 features of audience cults?

A

They are unorganised, do not involve formal membership or much commitment

34
Q

Give two features of client cults?

A

They are based on the relationship between a consultant and a client and they provide a service to their followers

35
Q

Give 3 features of Celtic movements?

A

They are the most organised, they demand high levels of commitment and they aim to meet all of its members religious needs

36
Q

What three explanations do sociologists offer for the growth of NRMs?

A

Marginality, relative deprivation and social change

37
Q

In Webers view, why do sects appeal to marginalised groups?

A

They offer their members a theodicy of disprivilege - that is, a religious explanation and justification for their suffering and disadvantage

38
Q

How do NRMs provide a solution to the relative deprivation experienced by relative deprivation?

A

Although middle class people are materially well-off, they may feel that they are spiritually deprived, so they turn to sects for a sense of community

39
Q

According to Wilson, why is social change a reason for the increase of NRMs?

A

Periods of rapid social change disrupt and undermine established norms and values and create a sense of anomie, so those who are affected by this disruption turn to sects as a solution to the uncertainty and insecurity

40
Q

According to Niebuhr, how do sects come into existence?

A

Because of schism - splitting from an established church because of a disagreement over religious doctrine

41
Q

According to Niebuhr, why do sects not last very long?

A

People who are born into the sect lack the commitment of their parents, Sects that practice asceticism tend to lose their members because they abandon its world-rejecting beliefs and they often die with the death of their charismatic members

42
Q

What do Stark and Bainbridge argue religious organisations move through?

A

The sectarian cycle

43
Q

What is the first stage of the sectarian cycle?

A

Schism - There is tension between the needs of deprived and privileged members of a church so the deprived members break away

44
Q

What is the final stage of the sectarian cycle?

A

Further schism - Less privileged members break away to found a new sect true to the original message

45
Q

How does Wilson criticise Stark and Bainbridge’s sectarian cycle?

A

He argues that some groups can become established sects

46
Q

According to Heelas, there are two common themes that characterise the New Age. What are they?

A

Self-spirituality and detraditionalisation

47
Q

What does Bruce argue about the growth of the New Age?

A

He argues that it is a feature of the latest phase of modern society

48
Q

According to Bruce, why are New Age movements more appealing to Westerners?

A

They are a softer version of much more demanding and self-disciplined traditional Eastern religions such as Buddhism

49
Q

In 2005, how many women in England were churchgoers compared to men?

A

1.8 million compared to just 1.36 million men

50
Q

According to Miller and Hoffman, why are women more likely to attend church more?

A

They have a stronger personal commitment to it, express greater interest in religion and because they are socialised to be more passive, obedient and caring which are qualities valued by most religions

51
Q

According to Miller and Hoffman, how do differences in the type of work men and women do make it more likely that women would participate in religious activities?

A

Women are more likely than men to work part-time or to be full-time carers, so they have more scope for organising their time to participate in religious activities

52
Q

What is Davie’s explanation for women’s greater attendance to religion?

A

She argues that women’s closer proximity to birth and death through child bearing and caring for elderly relatives brings them closer to ‘ultimate questions’ about the meaning of life that religion is concerned with

53
Q

Why are women more attracted to New Age movements?

A

Women are more often associated with ‘nature’ and a healing role and New Age movements often celebrate the ‘natural’ and involve cults of healing which give women a higher status and a sense of self-worth

54
Q

How does Bruce explain women’s greater attendance to New Age movements?

A

He argues that women’s experiences of child-rearing makes them less aggressive and goal-orientated, and more co-operative and caring - where men wish to achieve, women wish to feel

55
Q

Why do Glock and Stark and Stark and Bainbridge argue that people may participate in religion?

A

Because of the compensators for social, organismic and ethical deprivation that it offers

56
Q

How do Glock and Stark and Stark and Bainbridge’s compensators explain women’s greater participation in religion?

A

Women are more likely to suffer ill health and thus seek healing through religion (Organismic deprivation), Women tend to be more morally conservative, much like religion (Ethical deprivation) and Women are more likely to poor (Social deprivation)

57
Q

Who is more likely than white Christians to see religion as more important?

A

Muslims, Hindu’s and black Christians

58
Q

How are the origins of ethnic minorities a reason for their higher religious participation?

A

Most ethnic minorities tend to originate from poorer countries its traditional churches

59
Q

What argument does Bruce give for greater religious participation amongst ethnic minorities?

A

He argues that religion offers support and a sense of cultural identity in an uncertain or hostile environment and therefore plays a role of cultural defence

60
Q

What argument does Bird give for greater religious participation among ethnic minorities?

A

He argues that religion among minorities can be a basis for community solidarity, a way of preserving ones culture and language and a way of coping with oppression in a racist society

61
Q

What helped the African Carribean population to adapt to British society?

A

Pentecostalism

62
Q

Explain the higher participation of under 15’s in religion

A

They are more likely to go to church because they are made to go by their parents

63
Q

Explain the low participation of over 65’s in religion

A

They are more likely to be sick or disabled and therefore unable to attend, and higher death rates means they are a smaller group

64
Q

According to Voas and Crockett, what are the two main sorts of explanation for age differences in religious participation?

A

The ageing effect and the generational effect

65
Q

What is the ‘ageing effect’?

A

This is the view that as we approach death, we naturally become more concerned about spiritual matters and the afterlife, so we are more likely to attend church

66
Q

What is the ‘generational effect’?

A

This is the view that as society becomes more secular, each new generation is less religious than the one before

Beliefs In Society - SCLY3 (14 decks)

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