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Immunology > Organs of the Immune System > Flashcards

Organs of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Where are lymphoid cells first produced?

A

in fetal omentum, liver and yolk sac

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2
Q

Where are lymphoid cells produced in adults and older fetuses?

A

bone marrow

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3
Q

What is bone marrow?

A

a hematopoietic organs that gives rise to all blood cells

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4
Q

Whata re the primary lymphoid organs?

A

bone marrow, thymus, Bursa of Fabricius in birds

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5
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

spleen, lymph nodes, unencapsulated lymphoid tissue, Peyer’s patches

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6
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

thymus

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7
Q

Where do B lymphocytes develop and mature?

A
  • Bursa of Fabricius (birds only)
  • Bone marrow (primates and rodents)
  • Intestinal lymphoid tissue (rabbits, ruminents, pigs)
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8
Q

True or false? primary lymphoid organs are usually sites of lymphocyte interaction with microbial antigens.

A

False - not unless there is an infection in the organs

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9
Q

What is meant when the thymus is said to undergo involution?

A

thymus is large in newborns but small to invisible in adults. Thymus has shrunken

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10
Q

What are the functions of the thymus?

A
  • maturation of lymphocytes

- lymphocytes learn to differentiate foreign antigen from self antigen here

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11
Q

What happens to thymocytes with receptors that bind strongly to self-antigens?

A

destroyed through process calle apoptosis - negative selection

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12
Q

What happens if a thymocyte cannot bind any MHC II molecules?

A

they are also removed

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13
Q

What thymocytes are allowed to live?

A

the ones that recognize MHC II/Ag complexes with moderate affinity
- positive selection

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14
Q

What do the positively selected thymocytes do when they mature and leave to thymus as mature lymphocytes?

A

populate the secondary lymphoid organs

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15
Q

What regulates the maturation process of thymocytes?

A

a mixture of cytokines and thymic hormones such as thymosins, thymopoietins, thymulin, and thymostimulins

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16
Q

What is the Bursa of Fabricius similar to?

A

the thymus

17
Q

What is the function of the Bursa of Fabricius?

A

antibody-forming cells mature and differentiate - negative and positive selection of B lymphocytes

18
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs divided into?

A
  • encapsulated organs (lymph nodes, spleen)

- Non-encapsulated tissues (mucosal lymphoid aggregates)

19
Q

When do secondary lymphoid organs develop?

A

develop in late fetal life and persist in adults

20
Q

True or Fasle? Secondary lymphoid organs enlarge in response to antigenic stimulation.

A

True

21
Q

What do secondary lymphoid organs contain? What do they do?

A

contain dendritic cells which trap and process antigens and later present these antigens to lymphocytes to initiate an immune response

22
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A
  • round/bean-shaped encapsulated organs that act as filters of lymph to trap antigens
23
Q

What are the regions of the lymph nodes?

A

cortex (outer), medulla (inner) and paracortex (between the two)

24
Q

Where are B lymphocytes found in lymph nodes?

A

in the cortex in what are called germinal centers surrounded by capsules

25
Q

Where are T cells and Dendritic cells found in lymph nodes?

A

paracortex

26
Q

What is the principle function of a lymph node?

A

to facilitate the interaction between antigen presenting cells (APCs) and antigen sensitive T and B lymphocytes

27
Q

What is the spleen?

A

a large encapsulated organ found in almost all vertebrates

- structured by a network of connective tissue trabeculae

28
Q

What two forms of tissue does the spleen consist of?

A

red pulp - blood filtering and RBC storage

white pulp - Where immune response occurs - rich in lymphocytes

29
Q

What does the spleen do?

A
  • filters blood for blood-borne antigens, cellular debris, and aged blood cells
  • stores RBCs, platelets, recycles iron
30
Q

What are peyer’s patches?

A

non-encapsulated lymphoid tissue located in the wall of the small intestines
(in ruminents, pigs, horses, dogs, and humans they are found in the ileum)

31
Q

What do peyer’s patches contain?

A

densly packed lymphoid follicles containing only B lymphocytes

32
Q

What are Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)?

A

non-encapsulated lymphoid aggregates scattered throughout the surfaces of the body and make up a large portion of the total lymphoid tissue

33
Q

What are some Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALT)?

A
  • Gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
  • Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
  • Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT)
  • Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT)
34
Q

What are Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)?

A

immune cells that belong to the lymphoid lineage but do not express antigen-specific receptors
- secrete high concentrations of cytokines that are implicated in innate immunity, inflammation, lymphoid tissue formation, and tissue remodeling

35
Q

What are the groups of Innate lymphoid cells?

A
  • Group-1 ILCs
  • Group-2 ILCs
  • Group-3 ILCs
36
Q

What transcription factors do Group-1 ILCs depend on? What do they produce?

A

are under the control of the T-bet transcription factor and include NK cells and ILC1 cells. Secrete sytokines such as IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha in response to intracellular pathogens

37
Q

What transcription factors do Group-2 ILCs depend on? What do they produce?

A

rely on GATA-3 nd ROR-alpha transcription factors. Produce IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 in response to extracellular parasite infections

38
Q

What transcription factors do Group-3 ILCs depend on? What do they produce?

A

include lymphoid tissue inducer cells (LTi) and ILC3 cells, are under the control of the ROR-gammat transcription factor. produce IL-17 and IL-22. required for the development of lymphoid tissues

Immunology (8 decks)

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