Organs and Tissues Flashcards
Organ
Body tissues combined to perform a special function
Basic tissues (4)
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue covers what surfaces
- external parts of the body
- linings of cavities and passageways leading to the exterior
Role of epithelial tissue (2)
- Acts as barrier against hostile agents like infectious organisms
- Prevents dehydration and fluid loss
Secretion of epithelial cells
Mucous and hormones (a glandular role)
Number of layers in epithelial tissue
Simple = 1 layer Stratified = multiple layers
Cilial tissue
hair-like protrusions that move matter from one location to another (contained is some epithelial tissues)
Baseplate/basement membrane and function
Collagen that underlies epithelium. Function: filter, stabilize, direct growth patterns of epithelium, joins epithelial and connective tissues
Squamous (pavement) epithelium
single layer of flat cells; lings of blood vessels, heart, alveoli, lymphatic vessels
Cuboidal (cubical) epithelium
Cube-shaped; secretory function in some glands, such as thyroid
Columnar epithelium
Single layer, cylindrical cells; inner lining for stomach, intestines, gall bladder, bile ducts
Ciliated epithelium
cylindrical cells with cilia; lining of nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi
Stratified epithelium
Flattened cells on bed of columnar cells; epidermis of skin, lining of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, conjunctiva
Transitional epithelium
Pear-shaped cells, lining of bladder
Connective tissue role
binds together and supports tissues and organs
Connective tissue components
Extracellular matrix that can be solid (bone), liquid (blood, flexible (cartilage)
Contains intracellular material
Types of connective tissue (5)
- Areolar (loose, between organs, fat deposits, between muscles)
- Fibrous (binds structures)
- Cartilage
- Blood (plasma, blood cells)
- Bone (hardest connective tissue,, compact or spongy)
Protective function of connective tissue
- Fibroblasts: synthesize and secrete protein, wound repair
- Macrophages: collection of waste or dead tissue
- Lymphocytes: defend against viral attacks, destroy viral agents
- Mast cells: inflammation for protection
Muscular tissue
Component of all organs that involve movement
Composed of cells called fibers
- contain actin and myosin filaments, which allow muscles to contract
3 types of muscular tissue
- Striated (skeletal muscle), voluntary
- Smooth: internal organs, involuntary
- Cardiac: combination of striated and smooth, involuntary
Skeletal muscle
attached to skeleton
long, straight cells with bands
Smooth muscle
surrounds hollow internal structures: stomach, intestines. arteries, veins
spindle-shaped cells with single nucleus
involuntary
Cardiac muscle
found only in heart
both striation and smooth
Nervous tissue
Eek, I’m nervous!
- specialized for information processing
- made of neurons or nerve cells
- transfer of info
neuron to neuron
neuron to muscle
receptor to other neural entity
Types of nervous tissue (2)
Neurons: transfer information
Glial cells: nutrient transfer, blood-brain barrier
Tissue aggregate types (3)
Fascia
ligaments
tendons
Fascia
sheet like membrane that surrounds organs
Ligament
fibrous tissue that binds bones or cartilage
Tendons
connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone or cartilage
Bones
Provide skeletal support and protection of organs and soft tissue
Fibroblasts
Cells that facilitate bone repair
Joints
union of bone with other bones OR cartilage with cartilage
Diarthrodial (synovial) joints
- highly mobile
- joint cavities contain lubricating synovial fluid
- Include plane (gliding) joints, ball-and-socket, hinge joints
- like knee joint
Amphiarthrodial (cartilaginous) joints
- Slightly mobile
- Cartilage forms union between 2 joints
Synarthrodial (fibrous) joints
- Immobile
- Bound by fibrous ligaments
- Sutures, located between bones of the skull
- Tooth in alveolus
Muscles
Aggregates of contractive muscle fibers with a common function
Muscle origin
point of attachment of the least mobile element as related t speech function
Muscle insertion
Point of attachment that moves when a muscle contracts
Types of muscles (3)
- Agonists (move structures)
- Antagonists (oppose contraction of agonists)
- Synergists/fixators (stabilize structures)
Innervation
Supply nerves/energize
Muscles innervated by a single nerve
Sensory (afferent) or excitatory (efferent) innervation
Motor unit
One efferent nerve fiber
Muscle fibers to which it attaches
