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Pharmacognosy > Organized crude drugs part 1 > Flashcards

Organized crude drugs part 1 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are biological sources in the context of pharmacology?

A

Biological sources relate to the plant where the drug is derived from.

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3
Q

Which group of plants dominates the majority of drugs derived from natural sources?

A

Spermatophytes

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4
Q

What are the two main phyla of spermatophytes?

A

Gymnospermae and Angiospermae

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5
Q

Which phylum of spermatophytes yields useful oils, resins, and alkaloid ephedrine?

A

Gymnospermae

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6
Q

Which group of angiosperms provides more useful drugs?

A

Dicotyledons

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7
Q

What are the two divisions of angiosperms?

A

Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons

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8
Q

What type of organisms provide a number of useful drugs, especially antibiotics?

A

Fungi

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: The algae are a source of a limited number of drugs, such as _______.

A

algar and alginic acid

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10
Q

Which group of plants is currently contributing little to medicine?

A

Lichens and mosses

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11
Q

What are Pteridophytes best known for in pharmaceuticals?

A

Taenicidal ferns

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12
Q

True or False: Aloe vera is the only species of Aloe that is not on the protected list by CITES.

A

True

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13
Q

What has led to a shortage of aloes produced from the usual species?

A

CITES placed all species of Aloe except Aloe vera on the protected list.

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14
Q

What type of soil is ideal for sowing fresh seeds?

A

Rich well-drained, sandy soil

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15
Q

What is the optimal distance for transplanting seedlings?

A

2 to 3 metres

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16
Q

What climate conditions are required for the plants?

A

Moist and warm climate with 75” to 125” rainfall and average temperature of 32°C

17
Q

When is the bark collected from the shoots?

A

In the second and third year

18
Q

What is the thickness and length of the shoots from which bark is collected?

A

About 3 meters in length and about 3 cm thick

19
Q

What type of knives should be used to cut the shoots and why?

A

Copper or brass knives to prevent blackening from tannins in the bark

20
Q

What process occurs during the 25 hours of bark keeping?

A

Slight enzymatic action takes place

21
Q

What happens to the bark during drying?

A

It rolls into quills

22
Q

What are the small pieces and debris produced during the handling of quills called?

A

Quilling and feathering

23
Q

How is the quality of the bark determined?

A

According to thickness; the thinner the bark, the better it is

24
Q

What are the outer peeled portions of the bark known as?

A

Cinnamon chips

25
Q

What do cinnamon chips yield?

A

Volatile oil of low specific gravity and low aldehyde content

26
Q

What is the maximum length and diameter of a quill?

A

Length up to 1 meter, diameter up to 1 cm

27
Q

What is the color and appearance of the outer surface of the quill?

A

Yellow brown, showing longitudinal wavy lines

28
Q

What is the taste of cinnamon?

A

Warm, sweet, aromatic

29
Q

What types of cells are present in the bark?

A

Mucilage cells, oil cells, phloem fibres, sclereids

30
Q

What is the range of volatile oil content in cinnamon?

A

0.5 to 1.4%

31
Q

What percentage of the volatile oil is cinnamic aldehyde?

A

50 to 75%

32
Q

What color does cinnamic aldehyde produce when tested with ferric chloride?

A

Brown color

33
Q

Fill in the blank: Mucilage cells can be identified after staining with _______.

A

Ruthenium red

34
Q

True or False: The inner surface of the bark is dark brown and longitudinally striated.

A

True

35
Q

What are the components of volatile oil in cinnamon?

A
  • Cinnamic aldehyde
  • Eugenol
  • Terpene hydrocarbons
  • Phellandrene
  • Pinene
  • Caryophyllenes

Pharmacognosy (1 decks)

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