Organized crude drugs part 1

Question 2

What are biological sources in the context of pharmacology?

Answer 2

Biological sources relate to the plant where the drug is derived from.

Question 3

Which group of plants dominates the majority of drugs derived from natural sources?

Answer 3

Spermatophytes

Question 4

What are the two main phyla of spermatophytes?

Answer 4

Gymnospermae and Angiospermae

Question 5

Which phylum of spermatophytes yields useful oils, resins, and alkaloid ephedrine?

Answer 5

Gymnospermae

Question 6

Which group of angiosperms provides more useful drugs?

Answer 6

Dicotyledons

Question 7

What are the two divisions of angiosperms?

Answer 7

Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons

Question 8

What type of organisms provide a number of useful drugs, especially antibiotics?

Answer 8

Fungi

Question 9

Fill in the blank: The algae are a source of a limited number of drugs, such as _______.

Answer 9

algar and alginic acid

Question 10

Which group of plants is currently contributing little to medicine?

Answer 10

Lichens and mosses

Question 11

What are Pteridophytes best known for in pharmaceuticals?

Answer 11

Taenicidal ferns

Question 12

True or False: Aloe vera is the only species of Aloe that is not on the protected list by CITES.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What has led to a shortage of aloes produced from the usual species?

Answer 13

CITES placed all species of Aloe except Aloe vera on the protected list.

Question 14

What type of soil is ideal for sowing fresh seeds?

Answer 14

Rich well-drained, sandy soil

Question 15

What is the optimal distance for transplanting seedlings?

Answer 15

2 to 3 metres

Question 16

What climate conditions are required for the plants?

Answer 16

Moist and warm climate with 75” to 125” rainfall and average temperature of 32°C

Question 17

When is the bark collected from the shoots?

Answer 17

In the second and third year

Question 18

What is the thickness and length of the shoots from which bark is collected?

Answer 18

About 3 meters in length and about 3 cm thick

Question 19

What type of knives should be used to cut the shoots and why?

Answer 19

Copper or brass knives to prevent blackening from tannins in the bark

Question 20

What process occurs during the 25 hours of bark keeping?

Answer 20

Slight enzymatic action takes place

Question 21

What happens to the bark during drying?

Answer 21

It rolls into quills

Question 22

What are the small pieces and debris produced during the handling of quills called?

Answer 22

Quilling and feathering

Question 23

How is the quality of the bark determined?

Answer 23

According to thickness; the thinner the bark, the better it is

Question 24

What are the outer peeled portions of the bark known as?

Answer 24

Cinnamon chips

Question 25

What do cinnamon chips yield?

Answer 25

Volatile oil of low specific gravity and low aldehyde content

Question 26

What is the maximum length and diameter of a quill?

Answer 26

Length up to 1 meter, diameter up to 1 cm

Question 27

What is the color and appearance of the outer surface of the quill?

Answer 27

Yellow brown, showing longitudinal wavy lines

Question 28

What is the taste of cinnamon?

Answer 28

Warm, sweet, aromatic

Question 29

What types of cells are present in the bark?

Answer 29

Mucilage cells, oil cells, phloem fibres, sclereids

Question 30

What is the range of volatile oil content in cinnamon?

Answer 30

0.5 to 1.4%

Question 31

What percentage of the volatile oil is cinnamic aldehyde?

Answer 31

50 to 75%

Question 32

What color does cinnamic aldehyde produce when tested with ferric chloride?

Answer 32

Brown color

Question 33

Fill in the blank: Mucilage cells can be identified after staining with _______.

Answer 33

Ruthenium red

Question 34

True or False: The inner surface of the bark is dark brown and longitudinally striated.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What are the components of volatile oil in cinnamon?

Answer 35

* Cinnamic aldehyde * Eugenol * Terpene hydrocarbons * Phellandrene * Pinene * Caryophyllenes