Organizations Flashcards
NATO
উত্তর আটলান্টিক নিরাপত্তা জোট বা ন্যাটো (ইংরেজি: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation বা NATO; ১৯৪৯ সালের ৪ এপ্রিল প্রতিষ্ঠিত একটি সামরিক সহযোগিতার জোট।ন্যাটো জোটভুক্ত দেশগুলোর পারস্পরিক সামরিক সহযোগিতা প্রদানে অঙ্গীকারবদ্ধ।
প্রতিষ্ঠাকালীন সদস্য ১২টি। ন্যাটোর বর্তমান সদর দপ্তর যদিও বেলজিয়ামের ব্রাসেলসে, পূর্বে এর সদর দপ্তর ছিলো ফ্রান্সের প্যারিসে।ন্যাটোর বর্তমান সদস্য-দেশের সংখ্যা ৩১। এদের মধ্যে ২৯ টি দেশ ইউরোপের, আর বাকি ২ টি দেশ উত্তর আমেরিকার৷ ২০০৯ সালের ১ এপ্রিল আলবেনিয়া এবং ক্রোয়েশিয়া ন্যাটোতে যোগ দেয়। উত্তর মেসিডোনিয়া ২৭ মার্চ ২০২০ তারিখে যোগ দেয়। সর্বশেষ ফিনল্যান্ড ৪ এপ্রিল ২০২৩ তারিখে ন্যাটোতে যোগ দেয়।ন্যাটোর সম্মিলিত সামরিক বাহিনীর খরচ পৃথিবীর সকল দেশের সামরিক খরচের প্রায় ৭০ ভাগ।
BRICS
ব্রিক্স পাঁচটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ রাষ্ট্র: ব্রাজিল, রাশিয়া, ভারত, চীন এবং দক্ষিণ আফ্রিকার, আদ্যক্ষরের সমন্বয়ে গঠিত আঞ্চলিক অর্থনীতির একটি সংঘ।মূলত ২০১০ সালে দক্ষিণ আফ্রিকা অর্ন্তভূক্ত হবার পূর্বে এই সংঘটি “ব্রিক” নামে পরিচিত ছিল। ব্রিক্সে অন্তর্ভুক্ত সকল রাষ্ট্র উন্নয়নশীল অথবা সদ্য শিল্পোন্নত, কিন্তু তাদের বিশেষ বৈশিষ্ট্য হচ্ছে উচ্চ অর্থনৈতিক প্রবৃদ্ধি এবং আঞ্চলিক ও আন্তর্জাতিক ঘটনাবলির উপর উল্লেখযোগ্য প্রভাব। পাঁচটি রাষ্ট্রই জি-২০-এর সদস্য।২০১০ সাল থেকে, ব্রিক্স রাষ্ট্রসমূহ প্রতিবছর আনুষ্ঠানিক সম্মেলনে একত্রিত হয়। বর্তমানে রাশিয়া ব্রিক্সের প্রধান হিসেবে কাজ করছে। ২০১৬ সালের অক্টোবর মাসে ব্রিকসের অষ্টম সম্মেলন অনুষ্ঠিত হয়।
২০১৪ সালের হিসেবে, ব্রিক্সের পাঁচ সদস্য রাষ্ট্র প্রায় ৩ বিলিয়ন মানুষের প্রতিনিধিত্ব করে, যা বিশ্বের মোট জনসংখ্যার প্রায় ৪০ শতাংশ। পাঁচটি রাষ্ট্রের সম্মিলিত জিডিপি ইউএস $১৬.০৩৯ ট্রিলিয়ন, যা মোট বিশ্ব পণ্যের প্রায় ২০ শতাংশের সমতূল্য।ব্রিক্স বিভিন্ন মন্তব্যকারী কর্তৃক প্রশংসিত এবং সমালোচিত হয়েছে।
BRICS Tower headquarters in Shanghai.
NDB
নিউ ডেভেলপমেন্ট ব্যাংক (এনডিবি) ব্রিক্স দেশসমূহ (ব্রাজিল, রাশিয়া, ভারত, চীন ও দক্ষিণ আফ্রিকা) দ্বারা প্রতিষ্ঠিত একটি বহুমুখী উন্নয়ন ব্যাংক।অতীতে ব্যাঙ্কটি ব্রিক্স ডেভেলপমেন্ট ব্যাঙ্ক নামে পরিচিত ছিল। এনডিবি চুক্তির মতে “ব্যাংক ঋণ, গ্যারান্টী, ইকুইটি অংশগ্রহণ এবং অন্যান্য আর্থিক উপকরণের মাধ্যমে সরকারি বা বেসরকারি প্রকল্পগুলিকে সমর্থন করবে।” তাছাড়া, এনডিবি “আন্তর্জাতিক সংস্থা এবং অন্যান্য আর্থিক সংস্থার সাথে সহযোগিতা করবে এবং ব্যাঙ্ক দ্বারা সমর্থিত প্রকল্পগুলির জন্য প্রযুক্তিগত সহায়তা প্রদান করবে।
AIIB
এশীয় অবকাঠামো বিনিয়োগ ব্যাংক (এআইআইবি) চীনের প্রস্তাবিত একটি আন্তর্জাতিক আর্থিক প্রতিষ্ঠান। এশিয়া প্যাসিফিক অঞ্চলে অবকাঠামো উন্নয়নে অর্থ সহায়তা করাই এই বহুজাতিক উন্নয়ন ব্যাংকের উদ্দেশ্য। এআইআইবিকে আন্তর্জাতিক মুদ্রা তহবিল, বিশ্ব ব্যাংক ও এশীয় উন্নয়ন ব্যাংকের বিকল্প মনে করা হচ্ছে কারণ এআইআইবি-র দৃষ্টিতে তারা উন্নত দেশ মুলত মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র ও জাপান দ্বারা প্রভাবিত।
এই নতুন ব্যাংকের মাধ্যমে চীন এশীয় অঞ্চলে বিনিয়োগের মাধ্যমে অর্থনৈতিক ও রাজনৈতিক প্রভাব বিস্তার করবে বলে মনে করা হয়।২০১৪ সালের জুন মাসে চীন ব্যাংকটির মুলধন ৫০ বিলিয়ন ডলার থেকে ১০০ বিলিয়ন ডলারে বৃদ্ধির প্রস্তাব করে এবং ভারতকে যোগদানের আহবান জানায়।২৪ অক্টোবর, ২০১৪ সালে বেইজিং-এ সমঝোতা স্মারক সইয়ের মাধ্যমে ব্যাংকটির আনুষ্ঠানিকতা শুরু হয়। ২১ টি দেশ চুক্তি স্বাক্ষর করেছে।আগ্রহ প্রকাশ করলেও মার্কিন চাপে অস্ট্রেলিয়া, ইন্দোনেশিয়া ও দক্ষিণ কোরিয়া চুক্তি স্বাক্ষর থেকে বিরত থেকেছে।
ILO
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that focuses on promoting social justice and labor rights worldwide. It was established in 1919 and is headquartered in 🇨🇭Geneva, Switzerland. The ILO sets international labor standards, develops policies and programs to improve working conditions, and advocates for fair treatment, equal opportunities, and decent work for all. It addresses issues such as employment, social protection, workers’ rights, and workplace safety. The ILO also conducts research, provides technical assistance, and fosters dialogue among governments, employers, and workers to create a balanced and inclusive approach to labor-related challenges.
WHO
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations, established in 1948. Its primary objective is to promote global public health by providing leadership on international health matters, shaping health policies, and coordinating health-related initiatives. The WHO monitors and assesses health trends, provides technical assistance to countries, sets international health standards, and conducts research to improve healthcare outcomes worldwide. It addresses a wide range of health issues, including infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, health emergencies, and health systems strengthening. The headquarters of WHO is located in 🇨🇭Geneva, Switzerland.
WMO
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO), headquartered in 🇨🇭Geneva, Switzerland, is a specialized UN agency that fosters international collaboration in meteorology, climatology, hydrology, and related areas to enhance weather forecasting, monitor climate change, and advance understanding of Earth’s atmosphere and water resources.
UNCTAD
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is a specialized agency headquartered in 🇨🇭Geneva, Switzerland. It focuses on trade, investment, and development matters, striving to foster equitable economic growth and development, especially in developing countries, through research, policy analysis, technical assistance, and capacity-building programs.
RED CROSS
The Red Cross is an international humanitarian movement aimed at providing assistance, disaster relief, and education. Its headquarters, known as the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, is located in 🇨🇭Geneva, Switzerland. The organization works globally to alleviate human suffering during emergencies and conflicts, offering aid, support, and protection to vulnerable populations.
BOY SCOUT
The Boy Scouts is a global youth organization that promotes character development and outdoor skills. Its international headquarters, known as the World Organization of the Scout Movement, is situated in 🇨🇭Geneva, Switzerland. The organization fosters the personal growth of young people through various educational and recreational activities, encouraging them to become responsible citizens and community leaders.
UNHCR
The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) is a worldwide organization dedicated to protecting and assisting refugees and displaced people. Its headquarters is located in 🇨🇭Geneva, Switzerland. UNHCR works to provide shelter, healthcare, and education to those forced to flee their homes due to conflict, persecution, or violence, and strives to find durable solutions to their plight.
ITU
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is a global agency focused on information and communication technologies. Its headquarters is situated in 🇨🇭Geneva, Switzerland. The ITU works to develop international standards, allocate radio spectrum, and promote digital inclusion to ensure that people around the world have access to effective and affordable communication services.
WIPO
The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is an international agency dedicated to promoting intellectual property rights. Its headquarters is located in 🇨🇭Geneva, Switzerland. WIPO works to develop and harmonize global standards for patents, copyrights, trademarks, and other forms of intellectual property, aiming to encourage innovation, creativity, and economic development worldwide.
IAEA
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization that promotes the peaceful use of nuclear energy and technology while preventing their misuse for military purposes. Headquartered in 🇦🇹Vienna, Austria, the IAEA monitors nuclear activities, provides technical assistance, and facilitates cooperation among member states to ensure the safe, secure, and responsible use of nuclear technologies for energy, medicine, and other peaceful applications.
OPEC
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an international organization that coordinates the production and pricing of petroleum to ensure stable markets and fair returns for oil-producing countries. Its headquarters is located in 🇦🇹Vienna, Austria. OPEC members collaborate to manage global oil supplies and prices while aiming to balance the interests of both producers and consumers in the energy industry.
UNIDO
The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is an international agency that promotes inclusive and sustainable industrial development. Its headquarters is situated in 🇦🇹Vienna, Austria. UNIDO works to advance industrialization in developing countries, foster innovation, create jobs, and enhance environmental sustainability by providing technical assistance, policy advice, and capacity-building programs.
IBRD
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is a part of the World Bank Group that focuses on providing financial and technical assistance to middle-income and creditworthy low-income countries. It supports development projects and initiatives aimed at reducing poverty, improving infrastructure, and fostering sustainable economic growth. The IBRD’s headquarters is located in 🇺🇸Washington, D.C., USA.
MIGA
The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) is a member of the World Bank Group that offers political risk insurance and credit enhancement to encourage foreign investment in developing countries. MIGA’s goal is to promote economic growth, reduce poverty, and improve living standards by facilitating private sector investments in areas such as infrastructure, agriculture, and manufacturing. Its headquarters is situated in 🇺🇸Washington, D.C., USA.
ICSID
The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) is an international arbitration institution that provides a neutral forum for resolving disputes between governments and foreign investors. ICSID offers a platform for resolving investment-related conflicts through arbitration and conciliation. It operates under the World Bank Group and is headquartered in 🇺🇸Washington, D.C., USA.
IMF
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization that aims to promote global economic stability and growth. It provides financial assistance, policy advice, and technical expertise to member countries facing economic challenges. The IMF’s headquarters is located in 🇺🇸Washington, D.C., USA. It works to ensure the stability of the international monetary system and facilitate international trade by monitoring economic developments and offering policy recommendations.
IFC
The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is a member of the World Bank Group focused on promoting private sector investment in developing countries. It provides investment and advisory services to support sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction. The IFC’s activities include financing projects, mobilizing private sector capital, and offering expertise to improve business environments. Its headquarters is located in 🇺🇸Washington, D.C., USA.
IDA
The International Development Association (IDA) is a part of the World Bank Group that provides concessional loans and grants to the world’s poorest countries. IDA focuses on supporting projects and initiatives that aim to reduce poverty, promote economic development, and improve living conditions for the most vulnerable populations. Its headquarters is situated in 🇺🇸Washington, D.C., USA.
UNESCO
UNESCO, or the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It aims to promote international cooperation in the fields of education, science, culture, and communication. Its headquarters are located in 🇫🇷Paris, France. UNESCO’s mission includes protecting cultural heritage, promoting education, advancing scientific knowledge, and fostering intercultural understanding.
INTERPOL
Interpol, short for the International Criminal Police Organization, is an international organization that facilitates cooperation between law enforcement agencies of different countries. Its primary focus is on combating transnational crime, including terrorism, human trafficking, drug trafficking, and organized crime. Interpol’s headquarters are situated in 🇫🇷Lyon, France. It provides a platform for police forces from around the world to collaborate and share information to address global criminal challenges.
OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organization that promotes policies to improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world. It facilitates cooperation among countries on various economic and policy issues, such as taxation, trade, education, and environmental sustainability. The headquarters of the OECD is located in 🇫🇷Paris, France. It serves as a platform for member countries to share expertise and best practices in order to address global challenges and promote sustainable development.
ICC
The International Criminal Court (ICC) is an intergovernmental organization that has the authority to prosecute individuals for the most serious international crimes, such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. The ICC operates as a permanent court and is based in The 🇳🇱Hague, Netherlands. It was established to provide a means for ensuring accountability and justice for these grave offenses on a global scale. The ICC’s jurisdiction covers crimes committed after its establishment in 2002 and involves cases where national legal systems are unable or unwilling to address these crimes effectively.
ICC
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). The ICC is a business organization that works to promote international trade, investment, and economic growth. It provides a platform for businesses to engage in dialogue, develop business standards, and address challenges related to international commerce. The ICC’s headquarters are located in 🇫🇷Paris, France. It plays a crucial role in shaping global business practices and policies, including arbitration, trade rules, and commercial dispute resolution.
UNICEF
UNICEF stands for the United Nations Children’s Fund. It’s a United Nations agency that works to provide humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries. UNICEF’s efforts include health care, clean water, nutrition, education, and protection from violence and exploitation. UNICEF operates globally, with headquarters in 🇺🇸New York City, USA, and various field offices around the world.
UNDP
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is a United Nations agency focused on promoting sustainable development and eradicating poverty globally. It provides technical assistance, policy advice, and resources to help countries achieve their development goals. The UNDP’s work covers a wide range of areas, including poverty reduction, governance, gender equality, environmental sustainability, and disaster recovery. The headquarters of the UNDP is located in 🇺🇸New York City, USA, and it operates in more than 170 countries and territories.
UNIFEM
UNIFEM stood for the United Nations Development Fund for Women. It was a former part of the United Nations dedicated to advancing gender equality and women’s empowerment. In January 2011, UNIFEM was merged with three other UN agencies (UNDP, UNFPA, and UNICEF) to form a single entity known as UN Women. UN Women continues to focus on gender equality, women’s rights, and women’s participation in various aspects of society. Its headquarters are in 🇺🇸New York City, USA.
UNFPA
The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) is a United Nations agency that focuses on global population issues, reproductive health, and gender equality. UNFPA works to ensure access to sexual and reproductive health services, advocate for women’s rights, and support efforts to address population dynamics and demographic challenges. It plays a vital role in promoting maternal health, family planning, preventing gender-based violence, and supporting young people’s empowerment. The UNFPA’s headquarters are located in 🇺🇸New York City, USA, and it operates in various countries around the world.
UN Women
UN Women, or the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, is a United Nations agency dedicated to promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment worldwide. It works to address gender-based discrimination, advocate for women’s rights, and promote women’s participation in political, economic, and social spheres. UN Women focuses on areas such as ending violence against women, advancing women’s economic empowerment, increasing women’s leadership and participation, and promoting gender-responsive policies and programs. The headquarters of UN Women is located in 🇺🇸New York City, USA.
