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Organizational Behaviour Flashcards

chapters 1-6

1
Q

What Is Interpersonal Skills?

A

The ability to control emotions within themselves and interact with others

Examples: Teamwork, Communication, problem solving

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2
Q

What Is Organizational Behaviour?

A

Field of study that investigates the impact of individuals, groups, and structure on behaviour within orginizations.

Purpose: to appply knowledge toward improving organizations effectivenes

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3
Q

What Is Systematic Study?

A

loooking at relationships, applying cause and effect and drawing conclusions based on scientific evidence

- beahviour is generally predictable
- differences amonst people

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3
Q

Contingency Approach

A

an approach that considers behaviour within the context in which it occurs

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4
Q

What Is evidence based management?

A

Managerial decisions made from available scientific evidence

-most management decision are made on the spot with no systematic study

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5
Q

What are the Building Blocks of Organizational behaviour

A

1.Pyschology
2.Social Pschology
3.Sociology
4.Anthropology

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6
Q

Challenges And Oppurtunities in the Canadian Workplace

Economic Pressures

A
  • in good times, focus on rewards, satisfaction
  • in bad times, issues like stress

Managers may have to :
-terminate workers
-tasked to make do with less

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7
Q

Challenges And Oppurtunities in the Canadian Workplace

Continuing Globilization

A

competition has risen between other countries and to survive organizations have had to reduce costs, increase productivity and quality

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8
Q

Challenges and Opportunities in the canadian workplace

understanding workforce diversity

A

workers need to respect people’s different lifestyles, family
needs, and work styles.

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9
Q

What IS an OB model?

A

Inputs leading to process leading to outcomes

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10
Q

What are Inputs?

A

variables such as personality, group strutue, and orginizational culture

determined in advance of employment relationship

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11
Q

What are processes?

A

Actions that individulas, groups and organizations engage in as a result of inputs

Individual level - emotions and moods
groups - conflict and negotiation

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12
Q

What are Outputs?

A

Key factors affected by other variables
oginizational level - overall productivity and profitability

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13
Q

What Is Perception?

A

the process that individuals organize and interpret their impressions to give meaning to their enviornment.

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14
Q

Factors Influencing Perception

A

The Situation - Time, work setting
The Perceiver- Attitudes, intrests
The Target - sounds, size, background

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15
Q

Peceptual errors

What Is the Attribution Theory?

A

that when we observe what seems like atypcial behaviour by an individual, we attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused

the way we judge people diffirently

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16
Q

When trying to determine whether behbviour is internaly or externally caused, what three rules are relied on for behaviour?

A

Distinctiveness
Consensus
Consistency

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17
Q

What Is distinctiveness?

A

rule that considers whether an individual acts similarly across a variety of situations

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18
Q

What is Consensus?

A

rule that considers whether everyone faced with smilar situation responds in the same way.

does the individual act the same as others in the same situation

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19
Q

What Is Consistency?

A

a behavioural rule that considers whether the individuals has been acting in the same way over time

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20
Q

perceptual errors

Fundamental Attrubution Error

A

the tendancy to underestimate the influce of external factors and overestimate the influence internal factors when making judgements about the behaviour of others

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21
Q

perceptual Errors

Self serving Bias

A

the tendecy for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors

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22
Q

perceptual errors

Selective Perception

A

peoples selective interpretation of what they see based on their intrests, background, experience, and attitudes

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23
Q

perceptual errors

Halo effect

A

drawing a general impression of an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

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24
# perceptual errors Contrast Effects
the concept that our reaction to one person is often influenced by other people we have recentley encounteredd
25
# Perceptual Errors Heuristics
Judgment shorcuts in decison making - performance expectations - employment interviews
26
What Is personality?
The sum of total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others
27
# Measuring Personality Self report surveys
individuals evaluate themselves on a series of factors
28
Observer ratings
Provide an independent assessment of personality | tend to be more accurate predictors of success on the job
29
What are Personality Determinants
Hereditity Environmental factors Situational conditions
30
What are Personality Traits?
are enduring characterisitcs that describe an individuals behaviour
31
# Personality Myers -Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
- Personality test to determine how people usually act or feel in particular situations
32
MBTI Classifications
Extroverted (E) Introverted (I) Sensing (S) Intuitive (N) Thinking (T) Feeling (F) Perceiving (P) Judging (J)
33
# Personality The Big Five Model
Is a personality- assessment model that taps five basic dimensions Low -Extraversion- High Agreebleness Conscientiouness Emotional Stability Openess to experience
34
What is The Dark Triad?
a Psychological Theory of negative Personality traits including - machiavellianism - narcissism - psychopathy
35
What is machiavellianism?
is the degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotinal distance, and believes that ends can justify mean.
36
psychopathy
the tendency for a lack of concern for others and lack of guilt or remorse when ones actions cause harm.
37
What is Core elf Evaluation?
the bottom line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person
38
What is self monitoring?
a personality trait that measures an individuals ability to adjust bahaviour to external, situational factors
39
What is the Situation strength Theory?
indicates the way personality translates into behaviour depends on the strength of the situation
40
Emotions
intense feelings directed at someone or something
41
Moods
Feelings that are less intense, general and unclear
42
What is the Affective Events Theory?
a model that suggests that workplace events cause emotional reactions on the part of employess, which then influence workplace attitudes and behaviours
43
What Is Emotional Intelligence?
the ability to detect and to manage emotionl cues and information
44
What are Values?
concepts or beliefs that guide how we make decisions about and evaluations of behaviours and events
45
# Rokeach Value Survey Types of Values
Terminal Values - goals that individuals would like to achieve during their lifetime Instrumental Values - preferable ways of behaving. (ambitous, honest etc)
46
# Hodgsons General Moral Principles What are Hodgsons General Moral Principles
Dignity of human life, Autonomy, honesty, loyalty, fairness, humaneness, the common good
47
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Culture Include:
1.Power distance (power in organizations is distrubuted unequally) 2.Individualism vs collectivism 2.Masculinity vs feminity 4.uncertainty avoidance ( preference of people in a country for structured vs unstructure situations) 5.long term vs short term orientation (DEGREE OF DEVOTION TO TRADITIONAL VALUES) 6. indulgence vs restraint
48
Generational differences
baby boomers - achievement and success Generation x - value flexibility, relationships are important xennials - adaptive, less vocal Millennials - high expectations, responsible Zennials- self taught, resourceful Gen Z - entrepreneurs Gen Alpha - most educated and tech savy
49
Components of an attitude
Cognitive component Affective component Behavioural compnent
50
what is Cognitive component
the opion or belief segment
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What is the Affective component
emotional or feeling segment
52
What is the Behavioural component
the Intention to behave in a certain way towards something or someone
53
What are the important attitudes that affect organizational performance
job satisfaction organizational commitment job involvement perceived organizational support employee engagement
54
How can employees express dissatifaction?
Exit- leave company Voice- express issues loyalty- wait for conditions to improve neglect - passively allow condition to worsen
55
What IS Counterproductive Work Behaviour (CWB)?
actions that actively damage the organization, including stealing, being late or absent
56
What is organizational commitment?
the degree to which an employee indetifies with a particular organization and its goals, and wishes to maintain membership in the organization
57
# Three types of organizational commitment: What is Afective commitment
an individuals emotional attachement to an organization
58
# Three types of organizational commitment: What is Normative commitment?
The obligation an individual feels to stay with an organization
59
# Three types of organizational commitment: What is continuance commitment?
Indivduals calculation to stay with an organization based on the perceived costs of leaving the organization
60
# Managing Diversity in the Workplace What is surface level diversity?
differences in easily perceived characteristics including: age, race, ethnicity, gender
61
# Managing Diversity in the Workplace What is Deep level diversity?
differences in values, personality, work preferences
62
# Managing Diversity in the Workplace What is Cultural intelligence
the ability to undestand someones unfamiiar gestures in the same way as woud people from his or her culture
63
What is motivation?
the intensity, direction and persistence of effort a person shows in reaching a goal
64
Theory x vs Theory Y in motivation
Theory x assumes employess dislike work (in it for money) Theory Y assumes like work (like what they do for a living)
65
Intrinsic motivators vs extrinsic
intrinsic - personal motivation extrinsic - motivation from the outside such as money and tangible rewards
66
# Needs Theories of Motivation Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Pysiological - hunger, thirst safety - security and protection social - friendship and affection Esteem - self respect , achievement Self aculization - self fulfillment
67
What is the two factor theory?
relates intrinsic factos with job satisfaction and extrinsic factors with dissafaction
68
What is the McClellands Theory of needs
achievement, power, and afiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation
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# Process Theories of Motivation What is the expectancy theory
individuals act based on their evaluation of whether their effort will lead to good performance, follwed by a given outcome and whether that outcome is attractive
70
# Process Theories of Motivation What is the goal setting Theory?
says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance | specific, measurable, attainable, result orientated, time bound goals
71
What is the Self Efficacy Theory?
is a individuals belief in their ability to perform a task influences their behaviour
72
Four ways to improve self Efficacy
Enactive mastery - gain experience Vicarious modelling - seeing someone else do it verbal persuassion - confidence gained through others Arousal - an energized state
73
What is the reinforcement theory?
theory that says that behaviour is a function of its consequences | people behave in a certain way to get what they want
74
# Responses to the Reward System What is the Equity Theory
individuals compare thier job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities
75
Responses to Equity Theory
- change their inputs, exert less effort if undepaid, or more if overpaid - adjust perception itself - leave the field. Quit the job
76
# Responses to the Reward System What is Distributive justice?
the perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of resources among individuals | employees are concerned with what they recieve
77
# Responses to the Reward System What is procedural justice?
perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distrbution of rewards | employees are concerned about how outcome are distrubuted
78
# Responses to the Reward System What is Informal justice?
degree to which employees are provided truthful explanations for decisions
79
# Responses to the Reward System what is Interpersonal justice?
degree to whci hemployees are treated with dignity and respect
80
# Responses to the Reward System What is the Cognitive evaluation theory?
it is the theory that offering extrinsic rewards(pay) for work effort that was previosuly rewarding intrinsically willl tend to decrease the overall level of a persons motivation
81
# Building blocks for intrinsic motivation How to increase intrinsic motivation?
1. give sense of choice 2. Sence of competence 3. sence of meaningfulness 4. sense of progress
82
# Motivation is for who? Job engagement
is the investment of an employees physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance | people are engaged when it is meaninful to engage in work
83
Motivation for employees?
use goals and feedback allow employees to participate in decisions that affect them link rewards to desired performance check system for equity
84
# From Theory to Practice: Money and rewards How to establish a Pay Structure?
- setting pay levels requires a balance between external and internal equity - a pay level above, at, or below market rates is a strategic decision with important trade offs
85
Internal vs External equity
internal equity - the worth of the job to the organization external equity - the competitiveness of an organizations pay relative to industry standards
86
# How to Pay: Rewarding Individuals Through Variable- Pay Programs What is a variable pay program?
pay plan that bases a portion of an employees on some individual and or organizational measure of performance
87
What is a merit based pay plan?
an indivdual based incetive plan based on performance appraisal ratings
88
What is a bonus?
an individual based incentive plan that rewards employees for recent performance rather than historical performance
89
what is a profit sharing plan?
an organization- wide incetive plan in which the employer shares profits with employees based on a predetermined formula
90
What is a flexible benefits plan?
a plan that allows employees to put together a benefits package that is tailored to their individual needs and situations
91
What are the most popular benefit plans?
-Modular plans - core-plus plans - Flexible spending accounts
92
Beware signals that are sent by rewards
- individuals are unable to break out of ways of thinking about rewards and recognition practices - organizations dont look at the big picture of their performance system - management and shareholders focus on short term results
93
# Motivating by Job Redesign What is job design?
it is the way elements in a job are organized - influence employee effort and have an impact on motivation
94
What is the job characteristic Model?
a model that proposes that any job can be described in terms of five core job dimensisons: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback
95
What is task identity
the degree to which the job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work
96
What is Autonomy?
the degree to which the job provides substanial freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out
97
THe Motivating Potential Score (MPS)
(MPS)= skill variety+task identity+task significance divided by 3 x Autonomy x Feedback | combined core job dimensions
98
# How can jobs be redesigned? What is relational job design?
is constructing jobs so employees see the positive difference they can make in the lives of others directly through their work
99
What are some alternative work arrangements?
to improve motivation employers should consider work arrangements such as flextime, job sharing, or telecommuting.
100
What is Employee involvement and participation?
participative processes that use the input of employees and intended to increase employee commitment to an organizations success
101
What is participative management?
a process in whcih subordinates share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate superiors
102
What is Representative participation?
a system in which employess participate in organizational decison- making through a small group of representative employees
103
What are four basic emotional drives (needs) the guide people?
Drive to aqquire drive to bond drive to comprehend Drive to defend
104
What is a Team?
group whose inivdual effrot result in performance that is greater than the sum of the indivudal inputs | team outcomes & goals are their measures of effectiveness
105

Organizational Behaviour MIdterm (2 decks)

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