Organizational Behaviour Flashcards
chapters 1-6
What Is Interpersonal Skills?
The ability to control emotions within themselves and interact with others
Examples: Teamwork, Communication, problem solving
What Is Organizational Behaviour?
Field of study that investigates the impact of individuals, groups, and structure on behaviour within orginizations.
Purpose: to appply knowledge toward improving organizations effectivenes
What Is Systematic Study?
loooking at relationships, applying cause and effect and drawing conclusions based on scientific evidence
- beahviour is generally predictable
- differences amonst people
Contingency Approach
an approach that considers behaviour within the context in which it occurs
What Is evidence based management?
Managerial decisions made from available scientific evidence
-most management decision are made on the spot with no systematic study
What are the Building Blocks of Organizational behaviour
1.Pyschology
2.Social Pschology
3.Sociology
4.Anthropology
Challenges And Oppurtunities in the Canadian Workplace
Economic Pressures
- in good times, focus on rewards, satisfaction
- in bad times, issues like stress
Managers may have to :
-terminate workers
-tasked to make do with less
Challenges And Oppurtunities in the Canadian Workplace
Continuing Globilization
competition has risen between other countries and to survive organizations have had to reduce costs, increase productivity and quality
Challenges and Opportunities in the canadian workplace
understanding workforce diversity
workers need to respect people’s different lifestyles, family
needs, and work styles.
What IS an OB model?
Inputs leading to process leading to outcomes
What are Inputs?
variables such as personality, group strutue, and orginizational culture
determined in advance of employment relationship
What are processes?
Actions that individulas, groups and organizations engage in as a result of inputs
Individual level - emotions and moods
groups - conflict and negotiation
What are Outputs?
Key factors affected by other variables
oginizational level - overall productivity and profitability
What Is Perception?
the process that individuals organize and interpret their impressions to give meaning to their enviornment.
Factors Influencing Perception
The Situation - Time, work setting
The Perceiver- Attitudes, intrests
The Target - sounds, size, background
Peceptual errors
What Is the Attribution Theory?
that when we observe what seems like atypcial behaviour by an individual, we attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused
the way we judge people diffirently
When trying to determine whether behbviour is internaly or externally caused, what three rules are relied on for behaviour?
Distinctiveness
Consensus
Consistency
What Is distinctiveness?
rule that considers whether an individual acts similarly across a variety of situations
What is Consensus?
rule that considers whether everyone faced with smilar situation responds in the same way.
does the individual act the same as others in the same situation
What Is Consistency?
a behavioural rule that considers whether the individuals has been acting in the same way over time
perceptual errors
Fundamental Attrubution Error
the tendancy to underestimate the influce of external factors and overestimate the influence internal factors when making judgements about the behaviour of others
perceptual Errors
Self serving Bias
the tendecy for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors
perceptual errors
Selective Perception
peoples selective interpretation of what they see based on their intrests, background, experience, and attitudes
perceptual errors
Halo effect
drawing a general impression of an individual on the basis of a single characteristic
perceptual errors
Contrast Effects
the concept that our reaction to one person is often influenced by other people we have recentley encounteredd
Perceptual Errors
Heuristics
Judgment shorcuts in decison making
- performance expectations
- employment interviews
What Is personality?
The sum of total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others
Measuring Personality
Self report surveys
individuals evaluate themselves on a series of factors
Observer ratings
Provide an independent assessment of personality
tend to be more accurate predictors of success on the job
What are Personality Determinants
Hereditity
Environmental factors
Situational conditions
What are Personality Traits?
are enduring characterisitcs that describe an individuals behaviour
Personality
Myers -Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
- Personality test to determine how people usually act or feel in particular situations
MBTI Classifications
Extroverted (E)
Introverted (I)
Sensing (S)
Intuitive (N)
Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)
Perceiving (P)
Judging (J)
Personality
The Big Five Model
Is a personality- assessment model that taps five basic dimensions
Low -Extraversion- High
Agreebleness
Conscientiouness
Emotional Stability
Openess to experience
What is The Dark Triad?
a Psychological Theory of negative Personality traits including
- machiavellianism
- narcissism
- psychopathy
What is machiavellianism?
is the degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotinal distance, and believes that ends can justify mean.
psychopathy
the tendency for a lack of concern for others and lack of guilt or remorse when ones actions cause harm.
What is Core elf Evaluation?
the bottom line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person
What is self monitoring?
a personality trait that measures an individuals ability to adjust bahaviour to external, situational factors
What is the Situation strength Theory?
indicates the way personality translates into behaviour depends on the strength of the situation
Emotions
intense feelings directed at someone or something
Moods
Feelings that are less intense, general and unclear
What is the Affective Events Theory?
a model that suggests that workplace events cause emotional reactions on the part of employess, which then influence workplace attitudes and behaviours
What Is Emotional Intelligence?
the ability to detect and to manage emotionl cues and information
What are Values?
concepts or beliefs that guide how we make decisions about and evaluations of behaviours and events
Rokeach Value Survey
Types of Values
Terminal Values - goals that individuals would like to achieve during their lifetime
Instrumental Values - preferable ways of behaving. (ambitous, honest etc)
Hodgsons General Moral Principles
What are Hodgsons General Moral Principles
Dignity of human life, Autonomy, honesty, loyalty, fairness, humaneness, the common good
Hofstede’s Framework for Assessing Culture Include:
1.Power distance (power in organizations is distrubuted unequally)
2.Individualism vs collectivism
2.Masculinity vs feminity
4.uncertainty avoidance ( preference of people in a country for structured vs unstructure situations)
5.long term vs short term orientation (DEGREE OF DEVOTION TO TRADITIONAL VALUES)
6. indulgence vs restraint
Generational differences
baby boomers - achievement and success
Generation x - value flexibility, relationships are important
xennials - adaptive, less vocal
Millennials - high expectations, responsible
Zennials- self taught, resourceful
Gen Z - entrepreneurs
Gen Alpha - most educated and tech savy
Components of an attitude
Cognitive component
Affective component
Behavioural compnent
what is Cognitive component
the opion or belief segment
What is the Affective component
emotional or feeling segment
What is the Behavioural component
the Intention to behave in a certain way towards something or someone
What are the important attitudes that affect organizational performance
job satisfaction
organizational commitment
job involvement
perceived organizational support
employee engagement
How can employees express dissatifaction?
Exit- leave company
Voice- express issues
loyalty- wait for conditions to improve
neglect - passively allow condition to worsen
What IS Counterproductive Work Behaviour (CWB)?
actions that actively damage the organization, including stealing, being late or absent
What is organizational commitment?
the degree to which an employee indetifies with a particular organization and its goals, and wishes to maintain membership in the organization
Three types of organizational commitment:
What is Afective commitment
an individuals emotional attachement to an organization
Three types of organizational commitment:
What is Normative commitment?
The obligation an individual feels to stay with an organization
Three types of organizational commitment:
What is continuance commitment?
Indivduals calculation to stay with an organization based on the perceived costs of leaving the organization
Managing Diversity in the Workplace
What is surface level diversity?
differences in easily perceived characteristics including: age, race, ethnicity, gender
Managing Diversity in the Workplace
What is Deep level diversity?
differences in values, personality, work preferences
Managing Diversity in the Workplace
What is Cultural intelligence
the ability to undestand someones unfamiiar gestures in the same way as woud people from his or her culture
What is motivation?
the intensity, direction and persistence of effort a person shows in reaching a goal
Theory x vs Theory Y in motivation
Theory x assumes employess dislike work (in it for money)
Theory Y assumes like work (like what they do for a living)
Intrinsic motivators vs extrinsic
intrinsic - personal motivation
extrinsic - motivation from the outside such as money and tangible rewards
Needs Theories of Motivation
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Pysiological - hunger, thirst
safety - security and protection
social - friendship and affection
Esteem - self respect , achievement
Self aculization - self fulfillment
What is the two factor theory?
relates intrinsic factos with job satisfaction and extrinsic factors with dissafaction
What is the McClellands Theory of needs
achievement, power, and afiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation
Process Theories of Motivation
What is the expectancy theory
individuals act based on their evaluation of whether their effort will lead to good performance, follwed by a given outcome and whether that outcome is attractive
Process Theories of Motivation
What is the goal setting Theory?
says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance
specific, measurable, attainable, result orientated, time bound goals
What is the Self Efficacy Theory?
is a individuals belief in their ability to perform a task influences their behaviour
Four ways to improve self Efficacy
Enactive mastery - gain experience
Vicarious modelling - seeing someone else do it
verbal persuassion - confidence gained through others
Arousal - an energized state
What is the reinforcement theory?
theory that says that behaviour is a function of its consequences
people behave in a certain way to get what they want
Responses to the Reward System
What is the Equity Theory
individuals compare thier job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities
Responses to Equity Theory
- change their inputs, exert less effort if undepaid, or more if overpaid
- adjust perception itself
- leave the field. Quit the job
Responses to the Reward System
What is Distributive justice?
the perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of resources among individuals
employees are concerned with what they recieve
Responses to the Reward System
What is procedural justice?
perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distrbution of rewards
employees are concerned about how outcome are distrubuted
Responses to the Reward System
What is Informal justice?
degree to which employees are provided truthful explanations for decisions
Responses to the Reward System
what is Interpersonal justice?
degree to whci hemployees are treated with dignity and respect
Responses to the Reward System
What is the Cognitive evaluation theory?
it is the theory that offering extrinsic rewards(pay) for work effort that was previosuly rewarding intrinsically willl tend to decrease the overall level of a persons motivation
Building blocks for intrinsic motivation
How to increase intrinsic motivation?
- give sense of choice
- Sence of competence
- sence of meaningfulness
- sense of progress
Motivation is for who?
Job engagement
is the investment of an employees physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance
people are engaged when it is meaninful to engage in work
Motivation for employees?
use goals and feedback
allow employees to participate in decisions that affect them
link rewards to desired performance
check system for equity
From Theory to Practice: Money and rewards
How to establish a Pay Structure?
- setting pay levels requires a balance between external and internal equity
- a pay level above, at, or below market rates is a strategic decision with important trade offs
Internal vs External equity
internal equity - the worth of the job to the organization
external equity - the competitiveness of an organizations pay relative to industry standards
How to Pay: Rewarding Individuals Through Variable- Pay Programs
What is a variable pay program?
pay plan that bases a portion of an employees on some individual and or organizational measure of performance
What is a merit based pay plan?
an indivdual based incetive plan based on performance appraisal ratings
What is a bonus?
an individual based incentive plan that rewards employees for recent performance rather than historical performance
what is a profit sharing plan?
an organization- wide incetive plan in which the employer shares profits with employees based on a predetermined formula
What is a flexible benefits plan?
a plan that allows employees to put together a benefits package that is tailored to their individual needs and situations
What are the most popular benefit plans?
-Modular plans
- core-plus plans
- Flexible spending accounts
Beware signals that are sent by rewards
- individuals are unable to break out of ways of thinking about rewards and recognition practices
- organizations dont look at the big picture of their performance system
- management and shareholders focus on short term results
Motivating by Job Redesign
What is job design?
it is the way elements in a job are organized
- influence employee effort and have an impact on motivation
What is the job characteristic Model?
a model that proposes that any job can be described in terms of five core job dimensisons: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback
What is task identity
the degree to which the job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work
What is Autonomy?
the degree to which the job provides substanial freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out
THe Motivating Potential Score (MPS)
(MPS)= skill variety+task identity+task significance
divided by 3 x Autonomy x Feedback
combined core job dimensions
How can jobs be redesigned?
What is relational job design?
is constructing jobs so employees see the positive difference they can make in the lives of others directly through their work
What are some alternative work arrangements?
to improve motivation employers should consider work arrangements such as flextime, job sharing, or
telecommuting.
What is Employee involvement and participation?
participative processes that use the input of employees and intended to increase employee commitment to an organizations success
What is participative management?
a process in whcih subordinates share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate superiors
What is Representative participation?
a system in which employess participate in organizational decison- making through a small group of representative employees
What are four basic emotional drives (needs) the guide people?
Drive to aqquire
drive to bond
drive to comprehend
Drive to defend
What is a Team?
group whose inivdual effrot result in performance that is greater than the sum of the indivudal inputs
team outcomes & goals are their measures of effectiveness
