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Neuro Block 1 > Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the division of the Nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

what makes up the CNS?

what makes up the PNS?

A

Spinal cord + brain

Cranial nerves + ganglia + spinal nerves

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3
Q

what is another word for CNS?

A

neuroaxis

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4
Q

where do we find grey matter in the brain?

what makes up the grey matter?

A

in the cortex (cell body, dendrites and glia)

non-myelinated axons

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5
Q

where do we find most of the white matter?

what makes up the white matter?

A

in the inner brain

myelinated axons

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6
Q

what does the blue line divide?

A

supratentorial from infratentorial

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7
Q

what hemisphere of the brain is usually dominant?

A

left hemisphere

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8
Q

what are these Brodmann numbers for?:

  1. 44, 45
  2. 22
  3. 8
  4. 4
  5. 1,2,3
  6. 17
A
  1. Broca
  2. Wernecke
  3. Frontal Eye field
  4. Primary motor gyrus
  5. Primary sensory gyrus
  6. Primary Visual field
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9
Q

what makes up the brainstem?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

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10
Q

where do we find most cranial nerves and nuclei?

A

within brainstem structures

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11
Q

what is the function fo the cerebellum?

A

plan and execute movement and balance by comparing what the muscles do to the action that was intended to occur

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12
Q

Identify these areas

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Pineal gland
  3. Superior colliculus
  4. Inferior colliculus
  5. Cerebellum
  6. Pons Base
  7. Tegmentum
  8. Medulla
  9. Hypothalamus
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13
Q

how do you know if there is brainstem damage?

A

ipsilateral cranial nerve symptoms

+

contralateral body deficit

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14
Q

where is the reticular formation in the brain?

what is its funciton?

what do you get if it is damaged?

A

the brainstem

control consciousness

coma

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15
Q

Name the Cranial Nerves

  1. CN 1
  2. CN 2
  3. CN 3
  4. CN 4
  5. CN 5
  6. CN 6
  7. CN 7
  8. CN 8
  9. CN 9
  10. CN 10
  11. CN 11
  12. CN12
A
  1. olfactory
  2. optic
  3. oculomotor
  4. trochlear
  5. trigeminal
  6. abducens
  7. facial
  8. vestibulocochlear
  9. glossopharyngeal
  10. vagus
  11. Accessory
  12. hypoglosseal
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16
Q

what encloses the brain?

what is its function?

A

the meninges

protect and isolate CNS

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17
Q

what are the 3 parts of the meninges?

what is the leptomeninges?

A

dura + arachnoid + pia

pia + arachnoid

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18
Q

the meninges has 2 layers that form these 2 structures?

A

falx cerebri

tentorium cerebelli

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19
Q

what does the dura do?

A

strong elastic covering which supports the brain, separates the two hemispheres from each other

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20
Q

what are these structures?

A

1) falx cerebri
2) tentorium cerebelli

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21
Q

what are the spaces that are created by penetrating arteries through the dura?

A

virchow spaces

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22
Q

what is a meningeal herniation?

what is an example of a lesion that may lead to a meningeal herniation?

A

space occupying lesion

epidural hematoma

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23
Q

what is a epidural hematoma?

what will it look like in a CT?

what can this lead to?

A

lesion to the side of the head, damaging the middle meningeal artery (near the pterion) and bleeding into the space between the skull and dura

In a CT lesion looks like an oval

leads to a transtentorial herniation and may also cause duret hemorrhages

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24
Q

what is this?

A

transtentorial herniation

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25
Q

what is this?

A

duret hemorrhages

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26
Q

what is this?

A

epidural hematoma

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27
Q

what is Meningitis?

what symptoms indicate meningitis?

what time frame is important?

A

bacterial or viral infection that affect the brain and leptomeninges

high fever, stiff neck, photophobia, phonophobia, headache, nausea, Confusion, disorientation, difficulty waking up

first 48 hours

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28
Q

identify the type of meningitis

1) caused by Neisseria meningitis and is highly contagious, there is a rash present
2) meningitis that is not contagious and has no rash
3) meningitis that follows an infection of tuberculosis and occurs frequently in immuno-compromised individuals

A

1) meningiococcal meningitis
2) pneumococcal meningitis
3) tuberculosis meningitis

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29
Q

what is this?

A

bacterial meningitis

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30
Q

what is this?

A

bacterial meningitis

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31
Q

what are the 4 key symptoms for bacterial meningitis?

A

nuchal rigidity, sudden high fever, and altered mental status and a rapidly spreading petechial rash

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32
Q

identify the type of meningitis

1) meningitis that occurs due to viral or immune related disease
2) meningitis due to a infection with enterovirus, and is very contagious in kids
3) meningitis that occurs mainly in immuno-compromised patients (HIV)
4) meningitis caused by spreading of a tumor from lung or breast

A

1) asceptic meningitis
2) viral meningitis
3) fungal meningitis
4) neoplastic meningitis

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33
Q

what are 3 tests that are done to test for meningitis?

what do you test in each?

A

1) Kernig sign: Stiff hamstrings that lead to inability of fully extending the leg when hip is at right angle to supine patient.
2) Brudzinski sign: Passive neck or single hip flexion is accompanied by involuntary flexion of both hips.
3) Lumbar puncture: you look at the opening pressure and the color of CSF

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34
Q

what meningitis test is this?

A

kernig sign

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35
Q

what meningitis test is this?

A

brudzinski sign

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36
Q

when is opening pressure in lumbar puncture elevated?

when is opening pressure un lumbar puncture not elevated?

when is opening pressure un lumbar puncture not affected?

A

in bacterial meningitis

in viral meningitis

fungal or TB meningitis

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37
Q

when is lumbar puncture CSF color cloudy and turbid?

when is lumbar puncture CSF color normal?

when is lumbar puncture CSF color slightly cloudy?

A

bacterial meningitis

viral meningitis

in TB meningitis

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38
Q

what is wrong here?

A

meningitis: you can see discoloration of the meninges

39
Q

what types of edema can be seen with meningitis?

At what time interval do each occur?

A

vasogenic edema: seconds to minutes

cytotoxic edema: minutes to hours

interstitial edema: hours ++

40
Q

In vasogenic edema, fluid leaks from where to where?

A

from blood vessel into white matter

(usually due to increased permeability in the blood-brain barrier)

41
Q

why does cytotoxic edema occur?

A

due to low blood flow

42
Q

what is interstitial edema?

when does it happen?

A

CSF leaking into brain tissue

when white blood cells enter the brain or CSF

43
Q

what is this?

A

abcess’s due to meningitis

44
Q

what is encephalitis?

what are symptoms of this?

what is the most common cause?

A

inflammation of CNS tissue

sudden fever, headaches, stiff neck and back, confusion

viral

45
Q

what is encephalitis lethargica?

how do patients look?

A

atypical form of encephalitis

they are motionless, in a coma-like state

46
Q

what is the name for the cavities in the brain that produce CSF?

What is the direction that CSF follows?

does CSF recirculate?

A

Ventricles

Ventricles –> subarachnoid space –> venous drainage

nope

47
Q

what are the 4 ventricles we can find?

A

1 & 2) Lateral ventricles

2) Third ventricle
3) Fourth Ventricle

48
Q

identify the ventricles

A
49
Q

how much CSF gets produced each day?

A

500 ml

50
Q

what is the problem here?

A

hydrocephalus

51
Q

what are the 2 reasons hydrocephalus occurs?

A

1) due to blockage of ventricles (obstructive or non-communicating)
2) due to overproduction of CSF or decreased re-absorption (non-obstructive or communicating)

52
Q

identify the arteries of the CNS

A
53
Q

what are the 2 main arteries that supply blood to the brain?

where are arteries and veins located in the brain?

A

1) Internal carotid arteries
2) vertebral arteries

in the sub-arachnoid space

54
Q

what 2 arteries that get damaged will cause us to see bilateral symptoms when there is a vascular defect in the circle of willis?

what are the 2 branches of the internal carotid?

A

basilar artery and anterior cerebral artery

MCA and ACA

55
Q

identify the arteries

A
56
Q

what procedure can be used in order to observe the arteries?

what do you use?

A

arteriogram, use a dye

57
Q

what are berry aneurysms?

where do we find 90% of berry aneurysms

A

weak spots on arterial walls that balloon out

in the circle of willis

58
Q

what is a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

does blood pool?

what is the main complaint patients present with?

A

ruptured aneurysm that leads to bleeding in the subarachnoid space

no

“worst headache of my life”

59
Q

what is a subdural hematoma?

A

damage to the superior cerebral veins from trauma to back or front of head

60
Q

what is this?

A

a subdural hematoma

61
Q

what are the major subdivisions of the brain?

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myelencephalon
62
Q

what structures does the Telencephalon make up?

A

cerebral hemispheres

lateral ventricles

basal ganglia

63
Q

what structures does the Diencephalon make up?

A

Thalamus

hypothalamus

3rd ventricle

64
Q

what structures does the Mesencephalon make up?

A

the midbrain

65
Q

what structure does the metencephalon make up?

A

pons

cerebellum

66
Q

what structure does the myelencephalon make up?

A

medulla

4th ventricle

67
Q

how do you call the telencephalon and diencephalon together?

how do you call the metencephalon and myelencephalon together?

A

prosencephalon

rhombencephalon

68
Q

Identify the major subdivisions of the brain

A
69
Q

If you get hit in the frontal face and damage the anterior cranial fossa, what bone will you also fracture?

what symptoms do you see?

A

the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

anosmia, CSF leakage (rhinorrea), epistaxis

70
Q

if a bullet hits someone in the head, and he/she is still alive…what type of imaging do you not do?

what type of injury will you see in this case?

A

MRI

intracranial bleeding

71
Q

what is the classification of neurons due to the amount of processes they have?

how do you identify each?

what do each do?

A

Unipolar: 1 axon + 0 dendrites

Bipolar: 1 axon + 1 dendrite

Pseudopolar: 1 process

• sensory system uses this type (any sensation)

Multipolar: many dendrites + many axons

• found in the CNS

72
Q

where do we find bipolar neurons?

where do we find pseudopolar neurons?

where do we find unipolar neurons?

A

in Cranial Nerves

in all 1st order neurons of spinal cord

during development

73
Q

how do we classify neurons by axonal length?

A

1) golgi type 1: long axons
2) golgi type 2: short axons

Golgi types are also called interneurons

74
Q

how do we classify neurons by function?

A

1) motor
2) sensory
3) interneurons

75
Q

what happens if you damage motor neurons?

what happens if you damage sensory neurons?

A

paralysis

can’t feel or have propioception

76
Q

indentify the condition that is related to this inclusion body:

  1. lipofuscin
  2. neuromelanin
  3. lewy bodies
  4. hirano bodies
  5. pick bodies
  6. negri bodies
  7. cowdry type A bodies
  8. lafora bodies
A
  1. old age
  2. parkinsons (see a loss of it)
  3. parkinsons or lewy body disease
  4. alzheimers
  5. picks disease or frontotemporal disease
  6. rabies
  7. herpes encephalitis
  8. myoclonic epilepsy
77
Q

what is this inclusion body?

what disease is it related to?

A

lewy body

parkinsons

78
Q

what is this inclusion body?

what disease or condition is it related to?

A

lafora body

myoclinic seizure

79
Q

what is this condition?

A

picks disease

80
Q

what condition or disease is this?

A

pick’s disease

81
Q

how are pick bodies described?

A

ball shaped

82
Q

how do we classify axonal transport?

how fast is each?

what molecule moves material forward? backward?

what material gets transported forward?

what material gets transported backward?

A
  1. fast axonal transport = 200-400 mm/day
  2. slow axonal transport = 1-5 mm/day
  3. fast retrograde transport = 100-200 mm/day

forward = kinesin –> vesicles and proteins

retrograde/backward = dynein –> recycled membrane and lysosomes

83
Q

what nerves are capable of regenerating?

why?

A

PNS nerves

due to the arrangement of the Schawnn cells

84
Q

what is chromatolysis?

A

when there is neuronal damage and the nucleus moves away from the region of the axon hillock while the nissl body moves to the periphery

85
Q

what is this?

A

chromatolysis

86
Q

what is this?

when does it happen?

A

neuronophagia

when there is damage to the neuron and it cant be fixed so microglia cover the affected neuron

87
Q

what are the glial cells?

A

astrocytes, ependymal, oligodendrocytes, microglia

88
Q

what do glial cells do?

A
  • provide structure and support for neurons
  • produce CSF
  • help in forming the Blood-brain barrier
  • form scars and help healing
  • myelinate neurons
89
Q

what are the 2 types of supporting tissues?

which tissue does the PNS contain?

which tissue does the CNS have?

A

fibrous and glial

fibrous tissue

glial tissue except for the meninges which is fibrous

90
Q

there are 2 types of pain systems, what are they?

what are type 4 or C nerve fibers? is it myelinated?

alpha motor axons innervate what?

wht do gamma motor axon do?

A

fast and slow

they are slow pain and temperature

not myelinated, it is the only 1 like this

innervate the extrafusal muscle fibers

innervate the intrafusal muscle fibers

91
Q

a epidural hematoma can lead to what clinical signs?

A

1) can lead to transtentorial herniation
2) duret hemmorrhage
3) lucid period of minutes
4) fractured pterion
5) oval shape in CT
6) bleed in between dura and arachnoid

92
Q

what can a transtentorial herniation lead to?

A

loss of consciousness

duret hemorrhage

compression of CN 3 (ptosis & myadriasis)

93
Q

damage to a brodmann area on one side will have symptoms on which side?

What will you see if you have damage to left Brodmann area 4?

A

on the opposite side

you will see paralysis of the right side as well as a babinski sign

94
Q

what do i have to do to get broca’s aphasia?

A

damage to 44, 45 on the left side

Neuro Block 1 (9 decks)

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