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HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY : PRELIMS > Organization of the Human Body > Flashcards

Organization of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Science that studies structure

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Science that studies body functions

A

Physiology

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Physiology (functions) determines anatomy (structure).

A

FALSE. Anatomy determines physiology.

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4
Q

This level of organization deals with the atomic and molecular levels of an organism.

A

Chemical

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5
Q

The second level of organization that deals with the basic unit of life, which contains organelles.

A

Cellular

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6
Q

The group of cells and surrounding materials.

A

Tissues

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7
Q

What are the four basic types of tissues?

A

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

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8
Q

From what Greek phrase did the word anatomy come from?

A

To cut apart

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9
Q

How was anatomy first studied by the early physicians?

A

By dissecting or cutting

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10
Q

He is a Greek physician and philosopher. He is known as the Father of Pharmacy.

A

Claudius Galen

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11
Q

This type of tissue cover body surfaces and lines hollow organs.

A

Epithelial Tissues

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12
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Muscular tissues support and protect the body.

A

FALSE.

Connective tissues are the ones that support and protect the body. Muscular tissues are responsible in making the body move and generating heat.

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13
Q

What tissue carries information from one part to another?

A

Nervous tissue

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14
Q

Group of tissues performing a common function

A

Organ

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15
Q

Group of organs with a common function

A

System

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16
Q

Contains all systems that work together to maintain life processes

A

Organism

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17
Q

How many life processes are important in the human body?

A

Six life processes

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18
Q

It is the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body.

A

Metabolism

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19
Q

Two categories of metabolism

A

Catabolism

Anabolism

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20
Q

What is catabolism?

A

breakdown of complex substances into smaller component

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21
Q

What is anabolism?

A

buildup of smaller complex chemical substances to larger components

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22
Q

It is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.

A

Responsiveness

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23
Q

It includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

A

Movement

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24
Q

What is growth?

A

an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both

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25
Q

What is differentiation?

A

development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

from one type of cell as precursor into producing new cell with a different function

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26
Q

Refers to either the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement or to the production of a new individual

A

Reproduction

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27
Q

Refers to either the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement or to the production of a new individual

A

Reproduction

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28
Q

Postmortem examination

A

Autopsy

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29
Q

Reasons why an autopsy is done

A

o Uncovers cause of death

o Uncover existence of an underlying disease that did not manifest

o Reveal a condition that may affect the offspring of the person

o Resolving disputes between insurance company about the cause of death

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30
Q

the condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes

A

Homeostasis

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31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Homeostasis is a dynamic process.

A

TRUE.

It is because of the many changes in the body but still manages to go back to normal.

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32
Q

What system maintains homeostasis?

A

Feedback system

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33
Q

the cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on

A

Feedback systems or Feedback loop

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34
Q

What is a controlled condition?

A

It is the monitored variable.

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35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Controlled conditions should always be within the range.

A

TRUE.

If they are not within the normal range, it can cause serious problems.

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36
Q

What are the three basic components of feedback systems?

A

receptor
control center
effector

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37
Q

What are the six life processes?

A 
metabolism
growth
differentiation
responsiveness
reproduction
movement
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38
Q

It disrupts the controlled variable.

A

Stimulus

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39
Q

This recognizes the change and sends messages or input to afferent pathways to the control center.

A

Receptor

40
Q

It evaluates the input and sends output to the efferent pathway to the effector.

A

Control Center

41
Q

It receives the output and produces a response.

A

Effector

42
Q

It reverses a change in a controlled condition

A

Negative feedback systems

43
Q

Most homeostatic control mechanisms are under this feedback system

A

Negative feedback system

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: “Negative” means “bad”

A

FALSE.

The “negative” in negative feedback systems means “opposite.”

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: “Negative” means “bad”

A

FALSE.

The “negative” in negative feedback systems means “opposite.”

45
Q

Only a few homeostatic control mechanisms are under this type.

A

Positive feedback systems

46
Q

This feedback system strengthens a change and must be shut down by an outside force.

A

Positive feedback systems

47
Q

What is a disorder?

A

An abnormality of structure or function

48
Q

What is a disease?

A

A specific illness characterized by signs and symptoms

49
Q

What is the difference between signs and symptoms?

A

Signs are observable or measurable changes. Examples are swelling, rash, fever, high blood pressure, and paralysis.

Symptoms are subjective changes that are not observable from the outside. Examples are pain, headache, nausea, and anxiety.

50
Q

It is a normal process that includes a progressive loss in the ability to maintain homeostasis.

A

Aging

51
Q

The precise use of language to define position, direction, and location in the body

A

Anatomical terms

52
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

stands erect, facing the observer, with head level and eyes facing forward, and palms facing forward

53
Q

These are words that describe the position of one body relative to another

A

Directional terms

54
Q

Toward the head

A

Superior

55
Q

away from the head

A

Inferior

56
Q

away from the head

A

Inferior

57
Q

nearer to or at the front of the body

A

anterior or ventral

58
Q

nearer to or at the back of the body

A

posterior or dorsal

59
Q

nearer to the midline

A

medial

60
Q

farther from the midline

A

lateral

61
Q

between two structures

A

intermediate

62
Q

on the same side of the body as another structure

A

ipsilateral

63
Q

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

A

contralateral

64
Q

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origin

A

proximal

65
Q

farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origin

A

distal

66
Q

toward or on the surface of the body

A

superficial or external

67
Q

away from the surface of the body

A

deep or internal

68
Q

what are planes?

A

imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts

69
Q

a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides

A

sagittal plane

70
Q

a plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides

A

midsagittal plane or median plane

71
Q

divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides

A

parasagittal plane

72
Q

divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

A

frontal or coronal plane

73
Q

divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior options

A

transverse plane

74
Q

passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle

A

oblique plane

75
Q

a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the plane

A

section

76
Q

these are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs

A

body cavities

77
Q

cranial cavity

A

brain

78
Q

vertebral

A

spinal cord

79
Q

thoracic or chest cavity

A

pleural, pericardial, and mediastinal

80
Q

abdominopelvic

A

inferior to diaphragm

81
Q

How many quadrants and regions is the abdominal cavity divided into?

A

4 quadrants

9 regions

82
Q

pelvic cavity

A

urinary bladder, lower portion of digestive tract, and internal reproductive organs

83
Q

these are located in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

serous membranes

84
Q

what are the functions of serous membranes?

A

protect organs

reduce friction

85
Q

what are the two layers of serous membranes?

A

visceral layer

parietal layer

86
Q

what are the two layers of serous membranes?

A

visceral layer

parietal layer

87
Q

this layer covers organs

A

visceral layer

88
Q

this lines cavities

A

parietal layer

89
Q

covers lungs and lines thorax

A

pleural

90
Q

covers heart, lines central part of thorax

A

pericardial

91
Q

covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity

A

peritoneal

92
Q

contains the tongue and teeth

A

oral cavity

93
Q

body cavity in the nose

A

nasal cavity

94
Q

contains the eyeballs

A

orbital cavities or orbits

95
Q

contains small bones

A

middle ear cavities

96
Q

found in freely movable joints and contains synovial fluid

A

synovial cavity

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY : PRELIMS (1 decks)

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