Organization of the Human Body Flashcards
Science that studies structure
Anatomy
Science that studies body functions
Physiology
TRUE OR FALSE: Physiology (functions) determines anatomy (structure).
FALSE. Anatomy determines physiology.
This level of organization deals with the atomic and molecular levels of an organism.
Chemical
The second level of organization that deals with the basic unit of life, which contains organelles.
Cellular
The group of cells and surrounding materials.
Tissues
What are the four basic types of tissues?
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
From what Greek phrase did the word anatomy come from?
To cut apart
How was anatomy first studied by the early physicians?
By dissecting or cutting
He is a Greek physician and philosopher. He is known as the Father of Pharmacy.
Claudius Galen
This type of tissue cover body surfaces and lines hollow organs.
Epithelial Tissues
TRUE OR FALSE: Muscular tissues support and protect the body.
FALSE.
Connective tissues are the ones that support and protect the body. Muscular tissues are responsible in making the body move and generating heat.
What tissue carries information from one part to another?
Nervous tissue
Group of tissues performing a common function
Organ
Group of organs with a common function
System
Contains all systems that work together to maintain life processes
Organism
How many life processes are important in the human body?
Six life processes
It is the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body.
Metabolism
Two categories of metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
What is catabolism?
breakdown of complex substances into smaller component
What is anabolism?
buildup of smaller complex chemical substances to larger components
It is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
Responsiveness
It includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells
Movement
What is growth?
an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both
What is differentiation?
development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
from one type of cell as precursor into producing new cell with a different function
Refers to either the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement or to the production of a new individual
Reproduction
Refers to either the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement or to the production of a new individual
Reproduction
Postmortem examination
Autopsy
Reasons why an autopsy is done
o Uncovers cause of death
o Uncover existence of an underlying disease that did not manifest
o Reveal a condition that may affect the offspring of the person
o Resolving disputes between insurance company about the cause of death
the condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes
Homeostasis
TRUE OR FALSE: Homeostasis is a dynamic process.
TRUE.
It is because of the many changes in the body but still manages to go back to normal.
What system maintains homeostasis?
Feedback system
the cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on
Feedback systems or Feedback loop
What is a controlled condition?
It is the monitored variable.
TRUE OR FALSE: Controlled conditions should always be within the range.
TRUE.
If they are not within the normal range, it can cause serious problems.
What are the three basic components of feedback systems?
receptor
control center
effector
What are the six life processes?
metabolism growth differentiation responsiveness reproduction movement
It disrupts the controlled variable.
Stimulus
This recognizes the change and sends messages or input to afferent pathways to the control center.
Receptor
It evaluates the input and sends output to the efferent pathway to the effector.
Control Center
It receives the output and produces a response.
Effector
It reverses a change in a controlled condition
Negative feedback systems
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are under this feedback system
Negative feedback system
TRUE OR FALSE: “Negative” means “bad”
FALSE.
The “negative” in negative feedback systems means “opposite.”
TRUE OR FALSE: “Negative” means “bad”
FALSE.
The “negative” in negative feedback systems means “opposite.”
Only a few homeostatic control mechanisms are under this type.
Positive feedback systems
This feedback system strengthens a change and must be shut down by an outside force.
Positive feedback systems
What is a disorder?
An abnormality of structure or function
What is a disease?
A specific illness characterized by signs and symptoms
What is the difference between signs and symptoms?
Signs are observable or measurable changes. Examples are swelling, rash, fever, high blood pressure, and paralysis.
Symptoms are subjective changes that are not observable from the outside. Examples are pain, headache, nausea, and anxiety.
It is a normal process that includes a progressive loss in the ability to maintain homeostasis.
Aging
The precise use of language to define position, direction, and location in the body
Anatomical terms
What is the anatomical position?
stands erect, facing the observer, with head level and eyes facing forward, and palms facing forward
These are words that describe the position of one body relative to another
Directional terms
Toward the head
Superior
away from the head
Inferior
away from the head
Inferior
nearer to or at the front of the body
anterior or ventral
nearer to or at the back of the body
posterior or dorsal
nearer to the midline
medial
farther from the midline
lateral
between two structures
intermediate
on the same side of the body as another structure
ipsilateral
on the opposite side of the body from another structure
contralateral
nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origin
proximal
farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origin
distal
toward or on the surface of the body
superficial or external
away from the surface of the body
deep or internal
what are planes?
imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts
a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides
sagittal plane
a plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides
midsagittal plane or median plane
divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides
parasagittal plane
divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
frontal or coronal plane
divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior options
transverse plane
passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle
oblique plane
a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the plane
section
these are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs
body cavities
cranial cavity
brain
vertebral
spinal cord
thoracic or chest cavity
pleural, pericardial, and mediastinal
abdominopelvic
inferior to diaphragm
How many quadrants and regions is the abdominal cavity divided into?
4 quadrants
9 regions
pelvic cavity
urinary bladder, lower portion of digestive tract, and internal reproductive organs
these are located in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
serous membranes
what are the functions of serous membranes?
protect organs
reduce friction
what are the two layers of serous membranes?
visceral layer
parietal layer
what are the two layers of serous membranes?
visceral layer
parietal layer
this layer covers organs
visceral layer
this lines cavities
parietal layer
covers lungs and lines thorax
pleural
covers heart, lines central part of thorax
pericardial
covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneal
contains the tongue and teeth
oral cavity
body cavity in the nose
nasal cavity
contains the eyeballs
orbital cavities or orbits
contains small bones
middle ear cavities
found in freely movable joints and contains synovial fluid
synovial cavity
