Organization of the Human Body Flashcards
Is a scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body.
Anatomy
Examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function.
Anatomy
Means to dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of the body for study.
Anatomy
The study of the body by systems.
Systemic Anatomy
The study of the organization of the body by areas.
Regional Anatomy
Are physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern.
Anatomical Anomalies
Can vary in severity from relatively harmless to life-threatening.
Anatomical Anomalies
Studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood.
Developmental Anatomy
Considers changes from conception to the end of the 8th week of development.
Embryology
Examines the structural features of cells.
Cytology
Examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them.
Histology
The study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope.
Gross Anatomy
Can be approached either systemically or regionally.
Gross Anatomy
A group of structures that have one or more common functions.
System
Example of Systems
Cardiovascular, Nervous, Respiratory, Skeletal, Muscular Systems, etc.
2 general ways to examine internal structures
Surface Anatomy and Anatomical Imaging
The study of external features which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures; ex: Bony projections
Surface Anatomy
Involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, MRI, and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures.
Anatomical Imaging
The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things.
Physiology
Often examines systems rather than regions because a particular function can involve portions of a system in more than one region.
Physiology
The medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from the disease.
Pathology
Major goals of studying Physiology
To understand and predict the body’s response to stimuli.
To understand how the body maintains internal conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of continually changing internal and external environments.
Physiology that examines the processes occurring in cells.
Cell Physiology
Physiology that considers the functions of organ systems.
Systemic Physiology
Physiology that focuses on the nervous system.
Neurophysiology
Physiology that deals with the heart and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular Physiology
Focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise.
Exercise Physiology
Levels of an organism
Chemical Cellular Tissues Organs Organ-System Organism
Smallest level of the levels of an organism
Chemical
Involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.
Chemical
Tiny building blocks of matter.
Atom
Function is intimately related to its structure.
Molecules
Basic structural and functional units of life.
Cells
What combines to form organelles?
Molecules
The small structure inside cells
Organelles
Is an organelle that contains the cell’s hereditary information.
Nucleus
Are organelles that manufacture adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Mitochondria
A molecule cell use for energy
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release
Tissues
4 Basic Tissue Types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s)
Organs
Group of organs contributing to some function
Organ-System
All organ systems working together
Includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria
Organism
Functional interrelationships between parts.
Organization
Sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism.
Metabolism
Ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes (perform vital).
Metabolism
Ability to sense and respond to environmental changes.
Includes both internal and external environments.
Responsiveness
Can increase in size and number of cells, group of cells, extracellular materials.
Growth
Changes in form and size
Development
Changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized.
Differentiation
The changes in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism.
Morphogenesis
Formation of new cells or new organisms.
Reproduction
Maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment.
Homeostasis
Measures of body properties that may change in value
Variables
Give examples of variables
Body Temperature, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Blood Glucose Levels
Normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point
Normal Range
Normal, or average value of a variable
Set Point
Variable(s) that are affected by fever
Body Temperature
Variable(s) that are affected by exercise
Heart Rate
Blood Pressure
Respiratory Rate
The main mechanism used homeostatic regulation.
Negative Feedback
A negative feedback response involves:
Detection
Correction
Of deviation away from set point.
Detection
Reversal of deviation toward set point and normal range.
Correction
A changed variable.
Stimulus
The Components of Negative Feedback
Receptor
Control Center
Effector
Detects changes in variable
Receptor
Receives receptor signal
Control Center
Directly causes change in variable.
Effector
Mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
Positive Feedback
2 Basic Principles to Remember involving feedbacks
Many disease states result from the failure of negative-feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
Some positive-feedback mechanisms can be detrimental instead of helpful.
What is the correct anatomical position?
Standing or erect posture
Arms at the sides
Face, feet, and palms forward
What are the anatomical directions?
Superior = Above/Up
Inferior = Below/Down
Anterior or Ventral = Front
Posterior or Dorsal = Back
Directional movements on the trunk toward the head
Cephalic
Directional movements on the trunk toward the tail
Caudal
The anterior surface of the human body
Ventral Surface
The posterior surface of the body
Dorsal Surface
