Organization of the Human Body Flashcards
Is a scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body.
Anatomy
Examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function.
Anatomy
Means to dissect, or cut apart and separate, the parts of the body for study.
Anatomy
The study of the body by systems.
Systemic Anatomy
The study of the organization of the body by areas.
Regional Anatomy
Are physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern.
Anatomical Anomalies
Can vary in severity from relatively harmless to life-threatening.
Anatomical Anomalies
Studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood.
Developmental Anatomy
Considers changes from conception to the end of the 8th week of development.
Embryology
Examines the structural features of cells.
Cytology
Examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them.
Histology
The study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope.
Gross Anatomy
Can be approached either systemically or regionally.
Gross Anatomy
A group of structures that have one or more common functions.
System
Example of Systems
Cardiovascular, Nervous, Respiratory, Skeletal, Muscular Systems, etc.
2 general ways to examine internal structures
Surface Anatomy and Anatomical Imaging
The study of external features which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures; ex: Bony projections
Surface Anatomy
Involves the use of x-rays, ultrasound, MRI, and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures.
Anatomical Imaging
The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things.
Physiology
Often examines systems rather than regions because a particular function can involve portions of a system in more than one region.
Physiology
The medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from the disease.
Pathology
Major goals of studying Physiology
To understand and predict the body’s response to stimuli.
To understand how the body maintains internal conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of continually changing internal and external environments.
Physiology that examines the processes occurring in cells.
Cell Physiology
Physiology that considers the functions of organ systems.
Systemic Physiology
Physiology that focuses on the nervous system.
Neurophysiology
Physiology that deals with the heart and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular Physiology
Focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise.
Exercise Physiology
Levels of an organism
Chemical Cellular Tissues Organs Organ-System Organism
Smallest level of the levels of an organism
Chemical
Involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon, interact and combine into molecules.
Chemical
Tiny building blocks of matter.
Atom
Function is intimately related to its structure.
Molecules
Basic structural and functional units of life.
Cells
What combines to form organelles?
Molecules
The small structure inside cells
Organelles
Is an organelle that contains the cell’s hereditary information.
Nucleus
Are organelles that manufacture adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Mitochondria
A molecule cell use for energy
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release
Tissues
4 Basic Tissue Types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s)
Organs
Group of organs contributing to some function
Organ-System
All organ systems working together
Includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria
Organism
Functional interrelationships between parts.
Organization
Sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism.
Metabolism
Ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes (perform vital).
Metabolism
Ability to sense and respond to environmental changes.
Includes both internal and external environments.
Responsiveness
Can increase in size and number of cells, group of cells, extracellular materials.
Growth
Changes in form and size
Development
Changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized.
Differentiation
The changes in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism.
Morphogenesis
Formation of new cells or new organisms.
Reproduction
Maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment.
Homeostasis
Measures of body properties that may change in value
Variables
Give examples of variables
Body Temperature, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Blood Glucose Levels
Normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point
Normal Range
Normal, or average value of a variable
Set Point
Variable(s) that are affected by fever
Body Temperature
Variable(s) that are affected by exercise
Heart Rate
Blood Pressure
Respiratory Rate
The main mechanism used homeostatic regulation.
Negative Feedback
A negative feedback response involves:
Detection
Correction
Of deviation away from set point.
Detection
Reversal of deviation toward set point and normal range.
Correction
A changed variable.
Stimulus
The Components of Negative Feedback
Receptor
Control Center
Effector
Detects changes in variable
Receptor
Receives receptor signal
Control Center
Directly causes change in variable.
Effector
Mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
Positive Feedback
2 Basic Principles to Remember involving feedbacks
Many disease states result from the failure of negative-feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
Some positive-feedback mechanisms can be detrimental instead of helpful.
What is the correct anatomical position?
Standing or erect posture
Arms at the sides
Face, feet, and palms forward
What are the anatomical directions?
Superior = Above/Up
Inferior = Below/Down
Anterior or Ventral = Front
Posterior or Dorsal = Back
Directional movements on the trunk toward the head
Cephalic
Directional movements on the trunk toward the tail
Caudal
The anterior surface of the human body
Ventral Surface
The posterior surface of the body
Dorsal Surface
Close to/toward the midline
Medial
Away from midline
Lateral
Close to point of attachment
Proximal
Far from point of attachment
Distal
Structure close to the surface of the body
Superficial
Structure toward the interior of the body
Deep
Lying with face upwards
Supine
Lying with face downwards
Prone
Imaginary flat surfaces.
Anatomical Planes
What are the anatomical planes?
Sagittal Plane
Transverse/Horizontal Plane
Frontal/Coronal Plane
Runs vertically through the body, separates the body into right and left parts.
Sagittal Plane
A sagittal plane that passes the midline that divides the body into equal left and right halves.
Midsagittal/Median Plane
Separates the body into superior and inferior parts.
Transverse/Horizontal Plane
Separates the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Frontal/Coronal Plane
A cut through the length of the organ.
Longitudinal Section
A cut at the right angle to the length of an organ.
Transverse/Cross Section
A cut is made across the length of an organ at other than a right angle.
Oblique Section
What are the body cavities in the trunk that do not open to the outside of the body.
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
Surrounded by the rib cage.
Contains the heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, and trachea.
Thoracic Cavity
A middle section that divides the thoracic cavity into right and left parts.
Contains the heart, thymus gland, esophagus, and trachea.
Mediastinum
Enclosed by abdominal muscles.
Contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys.
Abdominal Cavity
Encase by pelvic bones.
Contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs.
Pelvic Cavity
The abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physically separated.
Contains a serous membrane-lined cavity called the peritoneal cavity.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Located between the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum and contains peritoneal fluid.
Peritoneal Cavity
Covers many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Visceral Peritoneum
Lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and the inferior surface of the diaphragm.
Parietal Peritoneum
Anchor the organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs.
Mesenteries
Other abdominopelvic organs that are covered by parietal peritoneum.
Consists of kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, parts of the intestines, and urinary bladder.
Retroperitoneal
2 Principal Group of Cavities
Dorsal Cavities
Ventral Cavities
Lines the trunk cavities and cover the organs within these cavities.
Serous Membrane
Are found against the outer wall of a body cavity.
Parietal Serous Membrane
Are found covering the organs in a body cavity.
Visceral Serous Membrane
Examples of inflammation of the serous membranes due to infection
Pericarditis
Pleurisy
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the pericardium.
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pleura.
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the peritoneum.
Peritonitis
Cavities found in the dorsal cavities
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Within the skull
Organ: Brain
Cranial Cavity
Within the vertebral column
Organ: Spinal Cord
Spinal Cavity
Cavities found in the ventral cavities
Thoracic Cavity -Pleural Cavity -Mediastinum -Pericardial Cavity Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity
Cavity within the rib cage.
Thoracic Cavity
Left: 1/3 of the thoracic cavity.
Right: 1/3 of the thoracic cavity
Contain: Pleural Fluid
Each lung is surrounded by this
Pleural Cavity
Covers the lungs.
Visceral Pleura
Lines inner wall of thorax.
Parietal Pleura
Lies between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura and contain pleural fluid.
Pleural Cavity
Reduces friction of the lungs to the thoracic wall
Pleural Fluid
Middle 1/3 of the thorax
Contains: Heart, Trachea, and Esophagus
Mediastinum
Contains: Pericardial Fluid
Pericardial Cavity
Covers the Heart
Visceral Pericardium
Thick and Fibrous
Parietal Pericardium
Contains Pericardial Fluid that is located between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium.
Pericardial cavity
The space between the diaphragm and the pelvis.
Contains: Stomach, Intestines, Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, and Kidneys
Abdominal Cavity
The space within the pelvis.
Contains: Urinary Bladder, Reproductive Organs, Part of the Large Intestine
Pelvic Cavity
What are the general regions of the body?
Upper Limbs
Lower Limbs
Central Regions
Abdomen
What are the parts in the upper limbs region?
Upper Arm
Forearm
Wrist and Hand
Extends from the shoulder to the elbow.
Upper Arm
Extends from the elbow to the wrist.
Forearm
What are the parts in the lower limbs region?
Thigh
Lower Leg
Ankle and Foot
Extends from the hip to the knee
Thigh
Extends from the knee to the ankle.
Lower Leg
What are the parts in the central region?
Head and Neck
Trunk
The chest cavity where the heart and lungs are located.
Thorax / Thoracic Cavity
Contains organs such as the liver, stomach, and intestines.
Abdomen
Contains the bladder and reproductive organs.
Pelvis
How are the parts in the abdomen region classified?
Four Abdominal Quadrants
Nine Abdominal Regions
What are the Nine Abdominal Regions?
Epigastric Region Right & Left Hypochondriac Region Umbilical Region Right & Left Lumbar Region Hypogastric Region Right & Left Iliac Region
What are the Organ Systems of the body?
Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System
Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D.
Integumentary System
Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue.
Skeletal System
Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat.
Muscular System
A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.
Nervous System
A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.
Endocrine System
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature.
Cardiovascular System
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract.
Lymphatic System
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.
Respiratory System
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
Digestive System
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance.
Urinary System
Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors.
Female Reproductive System
Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
Male Reproductive System
A fluid-filled space between the membranes
Cavity
Serous membrane around the pericardial cavity
Pericardium
Serous membrane around the pleural cavity
Pleura
Serous membrane around the abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneum
Covers and anchors organ around the abdominopelvic cavity
Visceral peritoneum
Generation of new individuals
Reproduction
Tissue repair
Reproduction
Initiates a homeostatic mechanism
Stimulus
Establishes set point
Control Center
Sends signal to effector
Control Center
System response causes progressive deviation away from set point, outside of normal range
Positive Feedback
Not directly used for homeostasis
Positive Feedback
Generally associated with injury, disease
Positive Feedback
Negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain homeostasis
Positive Feedback
Divides, or sections, the body, making it possible to “look inside” and observe the body’s structures.
Anatomical Planes
The muscular diaphragm separates it from the abdominal cavity.
Thoracic Cavity
The space within the chest wall and diaphragm.
Thoracic Cavity
The two lungs are located on each side.
Mediastinum
The space between the lungs.
Mediastinum
Consists of two layers of peritoneum fused together.
Mesenteries
Connect the visceral peritoneum of some abdominopelvic organs to the parietal peritoneum on the body wall.
Mesenteries
Connect certain organs’ visceral peritoneum to the visceral peritoneum of other abdominopelvic organs.
Mesenteries
True or False?
Other abdominopelvic organs are more closely attached to the body wall and do not have mesenteries.
True
Line the inner surface of the thoracic wall, the outer surface of the parietal pericardium, and the superior surface of the diaphragm.
Parietal Pleura
Contained within a connective tissue sac lined with the parietal pericardium.
Visceral Pericardium
Consists of Skin, Hair, Nails, Sebaceous Glands, and Sweat Glands.
Integumentary System
Consists of Bones, Associated Cartilages, Ligaments, and Joints.
Skeletal System
Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.
Muscular System
Consists of the Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, and Sensory receptors.
Nervous System
Consists of Endocrine Glands, such as the Pituitary, that secrete hormones.
Endocrine System
Consists of the Heart, Blood Vessels, and Blood.
Cardiovascular System
Consists of the Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph Nodes, and other Lymphatic Organs.
Lymphatic System
Consists of the Lungs and Respiratory Passages.
Respiratory System
Consists of the Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines, and accessory organs.
Digestive System
Consists of the Kidneys, Urinary Bladder, and Ureters
Urinary System
Consists of the Ovaries, Uterine Tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Mammary Glands, and associated structures.
Female Reproductive System
Consists of the Testes, Accessory Structures, Ducts, and Penis.
Male Reproductive System
