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CSF3-Exam I > Organization of the Cardiovascular System: Dr. Wilson > Flashcards

Organization of the Cardiovascular System: Dr. Wilson Flashcards

1
Q

What system is the primary limiting factor whether young or old?

A

muscular system

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2
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

1) gas exchange
2) nutrients
3) removal of wastes
d) protective cells and proteins
e) regulatory proteins
f) heat

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3
Q

Is heat a waste product?

A

YES, it is an important waste product that needs to be rid of if it is excess in the body.

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4
Q

CV diseases often affect all systems. Explain.

A
  • because the CV system comes into contact and interacts with most of the cells of the body, CV diseases often affect all systems
  • if you have disease of other organ systems it will affect the CV system
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5
Q

What is the first system to function at day 25 of human development?

A

CV- the heart begins to beat at day 25

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6
Q

The heart, vessels, and blood develop from what embryological origin?

A

mesoderm

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7
Q

Define ischemia and hypoxia.

A

ischemia: mechanical obstruction of blood supply
hypoxia: decreased levels of oxygen

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8
Q

Define anoxia and infarct.

A

anoxia: no oxygen
infarct: an area of necrosis resulting from inadequate blood flow

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9
Q

The CV system is organized into what two closed loops?

A
  • pulmonary loop

- systemic loop

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10
Q

The pulmonary loop goes through what organ and performs exchange of what?

A
  • goes to lungs

- performs gas exchange

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11
Q

The systemic loop goes through what organ and performs exchange of what?

A
  • goes to tissues, organs, glands (rest of the body)

- exchange of nutrients and wastes

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12
Q

The pulmonary system pumps blood to what tissues in the lungs?

A

alveoli

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13
Q

It is estimated that the body has 60,000 miles of blood vessels. Most of the body’s vessels are found in what system, pulmonary or systemic?

A

systemic: 59,000 vessels
pulmonary: 1,000 vessels

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14
Q

Which system presents the greatest resistance to blood flow? Has the highest blood pressure?

A

systemic system

-takes a lot of force and energy to pump blood to the whole body as opposed to one organ (lungs); thus resistance is higher in the systemic systemic

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15
Q

Which side of the heart pumps blood through the pulmonary loop?

A

right side of heart

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16
Q

Which side of the heart pumps blood through the systemic loop?

A

left side of heart

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17
Q

Why is the left heart thicker than the right? Explain in terms of load.

A

Muscles hypertrophy when given load. The load for pumping blood through the systemic system is higher due to higher resistance

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18
Q

Which side of the heart has higher cardiac output?

A

both the right and left heart must be EQUAL in cardiac output

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19
Q

What are other mechanisms for pumping blood besides the heart?

A

respiratory pump

muscle pump

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20
Q

How does the respiratory pump work to pump blood?

A

contraction of the diaphragm pumps blood into the right atrium by:

1) decreasing thoracic pressure
2) increasing abdominal pressure
3) opening up the IVC

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21
Q

How does the muscle pump work to pump blood?

A

contraction of the calf muscles helps to bring blood back to the heart with the help of one way valves ensuring unidirectional flow of the blood

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22
Q

Most veins have valves. What is the function of valves?

A

valves allow for unidirectional flow of blood towards to the heart

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23
Q

How does pressure affect blood flow?

A

the more pressure the heart produces the greater the blood flow

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24
Q

How does resistance affect blood flow?

A

blood flow is inversely proportional to resistance; the greater the resistance the lower the blood flow

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25
Q

How is resistance largely the result of friction between blood and the walls of blood vessels?

A
  • resistance is proportional to 1/(radius^4)
  • the greater the radius the lower the resistance
  • when arteries get clogged up your resistance to blood flow goes up
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26
Q

How does atherosclerosis affect resistance and flow turbulence?

A
  • it increases resistance and flow turbulence

- it is going to take more pressure to deliver the same amount of blood to the tissues distal to the plaque

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27
Q

What are the 9 common sites to take pulse?

A
  • superficial temporal
  • facial
  • common carotid
  • brachial
  • radial
  • femoral
  • popliteal
  • posterior tibial
  • dorsalis pedis
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28
Q

If the pulse is not symmetrical on both sides what does this mean?

A

this could be a sign of vascular disease

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29
Q

To offset a 16 fold increase in resistance, pressure must be increased by 16 times. What is implication of this?

A
  • the heart has to work harder

- muscles hypertrophy when you put more load on them

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30
Q

Hypertrophy of the left ventricle occurs due to hypertension. How much can the left heart increase in size?

A
  • the heart will hypertrophy until it fails

- if you cannot compress the lumen, the blood will not be able to go out and thus tissues will not receive oxygen

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31
Q

Increased vascular resistance due to emphysema affects what side of the heart?

A

right side of heart as this is a problem with pulmonary circulation

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32
Q

On a chest xray how do we classify a hypertrophied heart?

A

when the heart has taken 1/2 the diameter of the diaphragm

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33
Q

How does an aneurysm result?

A
  • when the pressure in a vessel exceeds the elastic components of the tunics
  • pressure causes the walls of blood vessels to weaken
34
Q

When an aneurysm ruptures, what does it produce?

A

hemorrhaging stroke

35
Q

What are the functions of capillaries?

A

1) connect arteries and veins

2) site where gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged between blood and tissues

36
Q

Arteries take blood _______ the heart. Veins take blood _________the heart.

A 
arteries = away from 
vein = to
37
Q

Arteries carry blood of which oxygenation status? Veins?

A

Arteries: oxygen rich blood
Veins: oxygen deficient blood

38
Q

Moving distally from the heart, how does the size of arteries and veins change?

A

arteries get progressively smaller

veins get progressively larger

39
Q

Approximate the size of capillaries.

A

diameter of a single RBC

40
Q

Where would a thrombus forming in the venous of the lower limb most likely end up?

A
  • it will most likely end up in the pulmonary circuit
  • although the veins get progressively larger as you move towards the heart, they get smaller again in the pulmonary circuit towards the lungs

DVT–> pulmomary circuit

41
Q

How does the cross-sectional area, resistance, and thinness of the wall change as the arteries move distally from the heart coursing to their targets?

A
  • cross-sectional area decreases ????
  • resistance increases
  • thinner walled
42
Q

What three coats do blood vessels carry?

A
  • tunica intima
  • tunica media
  • tunica externa (adventitia)
43
Q

What portion of the tunica media controls lumen diameter and blood flow during its contraction?

A

smooth muscles

44
Q

Why do the arteries get thinner as they course from the heart to their targets?

A

As the arteries move more distally there is not a lot of load on them and thus the smooth muscles are not being stimulated; therefore the walls get thinner

45
Q

What cells/tissue are found in the tunica intima?

A
  • endothelial cells

- loose connective tissue

46
Q

What cells/tissue are found in the tunica media?

A
  • smooth muscles

- elastic and connective tissue fibers

47
Q

What cells/tissue are found in the tunica externa?

A

-loose connective tissue (like epineurium)

48
Q

What is the tunica media mostly made up of in large conducting arteries like the aorta?

A

elastic fiber

49
Q

What is the tunica media mostly made up of in large distribution arteries?

A

smooth muscle

-contraction of the muscles in distribution arteries controls blood flow to a particular muscle, gland, organ, etc.

50
Q

What occurs to the elasticity of the conducting arteries during systole and diastole?

A
  • elastic arteries expand during systole, dampening the pulse surge
  • elastic arteries recoil during diastole, propelling the pulse forward and conserving energy
51
Q

What occurs to the blood pressure as blood flows from the heart?

A

blood pressure decreases with the largest drop in the arterioles

52
Q

Most peripheral resistance occurs in which blood vessels?

A

arterioles

-the resistance of a maximally constricted arteriole is 80 times that of a fully dilated arteriole (remember resistance is proportional to 1/(r^4)

53
Q

Perivascular nerves innervate smooth muscles under what autonomic nervous system and to do what?

A
  • sympathetic

- vasoconstriction

54
Q

What is Raynaud’s disease?

A

excessive sympathetic tone in arteries supplying the limbs

55
Q

Why does Raynaud’s disease result in cyanotic and cold digits?

A

-sympathetic results in vasoconstriction of arteries thus reduced blood flow that goes through the arteries to he digits

56
Q

Fluid exchanges occur mostly at capillaries where there is a net flow of serum to where?

A

interstitial fluid

57
Q

What provides for control of perfusion through local capillary beds?

A

precapillary sphincters

58
Q

Approximately 25% of the capillary beds are opened or closed during rest?

A

opened

59
Q

What occurs with closing of precapillary sphincters?

A

non-nutritional flow, shunt, or arteriovenous anastomoses

shunt= blood does not go through the capillary system resulting a mixture of arterial blood with venous blood ????

60
Q

Arteries and veins run in pairs in the body except where?

A

the skin: saphenous vein and cephalic vein run alone

61
Q

Do veins or arteries have larger diameter?

A

veins have larger diameters

62
Q

Which has thinner walls, arteries or veins?

A

veins

-smooth muscles are thinner in veins because they don’t have a lot of pressure like arteries

63
Q

Which is blood vessels are more compliant, arteries or veins?

A

veins are more compliant (less resilient) as they can change their shape can change more than arteries

64
Q

What is the directional flow of blood in arteries compared to veins?

A

Blood in arteries and veins run in opposite directions.
Arteries away from the heart.
Veins towards the heart.

65
Q

Describe the role of the blood and arteries running in opposite direction in turns of heat.

A
  • this allows for counter-current heat exchange
  • heat from arteries can go into the veins particularly when you’re in a cold environment
  • warm blood from to distal capillaries and then cool blood returns to the trunk

-venae comitantes allows for transfer of energy from pulse to veins

66
Q

How does the wall thickness of a vessel reflects its load?

A

hypertension produces thicker walled vessels over time due to the increase load and thus higher pressure of the blood vessels

67
Q

How does compliance change with thickness of the blood vessels?

A

compliance (flexibility) reduces with thicker walled vessels that result from hypertension

68
Q

Approximately 64% of blood is found in which blood vessels?

A

veins as they have more volume

69
Q

How does blood flow to muscles and brain change with exercises from rest?

A
  • blood flow to muscles increases 10X

- blood flow to the brain remains the CONSTANT regardless of activity

70
Q

What is the state of precapillary sphincters during rest?

A

they are closed until they open up due to muscle ischemia

71
Q

What fluid is produced as blood goes through the capillaries?

A

interstitial fluid

-plasma leaks out of the capillaries to form interstitial fluid

72
Q

What vessel returns the interstitial fluid back to the cardiovascular system?

A

lymphatic capillaries

73
Q

What results when there is mismatch between systemic output and lymphatic uptake AKA lymphatic system is overwhelmed?

A

accumulation of interstitial fluid in lungs called pulmonary edema eventually leading to congestive heart failure

-will have ascites (in the abdominal cavity) and tissue edema (in legs primarily)

74
Q

Compare the cardiovascular and lymphatic system.

A
  • cardiovascular system is a closed system
  • lymphatic system is an open system
  • unlike blood capillaries, lymph capillaries begin as cul-de-sac
  • the net flow of fluid is out of blood capillaries and into interstitial fluid and lymph capillaries
75
Q

What occurs in pulmonary edema?

A
  • interstitial fluid leaks into the alveoli producing hypoxia
  • bronchi that should be filled with air is filled with fluid
  • the person is literally drowning in their own interstitial fluid
  • pulmonary edema final pathway is congestive heart failure
76
Q

How many capillary beds does a blood cell pass through in the systemic, pulmonary, and portal system?

A
  • in systemic and pulmonary circuit blood cell passes through a single capillary bed
  • in a portal system, blood cell passes through TWO capillary beds in series before returning to the heart
77
Q

Why does blood need to go through the liver through the hepatic portal system before returning to the rest of the body?

A

liver filters the blood; detoxifies chemicals and metabolizes drugs in the blood

78
Q

What are the two capillary beds in the hepatic portal system?

A

1) stomach and intestine

2) liver

79
Q

What are the two capillary beds in the hypophyseal portal system?

A

1) hypothalamus

2) pituitary gland

80
Q

What are the two capillary beds in the renal portal system?

A

1) glomerulus (in cortex)

2) medullary plexus (around loop of Henle)

CSF3-Exam I (9 decks)

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