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CardioPulmonary Physiology > Organization of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Organization of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Why a Circulatory System?

Define Homeostatis, explain how homeostatis is regulated/maintained in the CVS.

A
  • The process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment depite external changes
  • Delivers nutrients and removes by products of metabolism (CO2)
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2
Q

Why a Circulatory System?

Why do multi-cellular organisms need a circulatory system compared to single-cell organisms?

A
  • Multi cellular organisms need circulatory systems because their cells are not in direct contact with the environment, meaning that they need a system to transport nutrients, oxygen, and waste exchange.
  • Single cell organisms do not need a circulatory system because they are in direct contact with the enviorment and can exchange nutrients, oxygen, and waste removal through diffusion.
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3
Q

Why a Circulatory System?

What are the primary functions of the circulatory system in maintaining homeostasis?

A
  • Delivering nutrients and oxygen to the tissues, and facilitating waste exchange
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4
Q

Why a Circulatory System?

Why is it significant that no cell in the human body is more than 10 μm from a capillary?

A
  • Because diffusion is only effective over short distances, ensuring all cells are no more than 10 micrometers from the capillaries, it ensures efficient exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste exchange between blood and tissues.
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5
Q

Why a Circulatory System?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of open versus closed circulatory systems?

A
  • Open circulatory systems with one pump and one circuit are simple and** energy efficient** but cannot support high metabolic rates due to low blood pressure, meaning inadequate exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste
  • Closed circulatory systems with two pumps and two circuits, are complex and energy-intensive but can support** high metabolic rates **by maintaining high blood pressure, ensuring an adequate exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste
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6
Q

Homeostatic Role of CVS

How does the circulatory system interact with other systems to maintain homeostasis?

A
  • The circulatory system maintains homeostatis by delivering nutrients, oxygen, and facilitating waste exchange. Through capillary diffusion, plasma particpates in a two way exchange where plasma delivers oxygen and nutrients to the intertisitial fluid and facilitates in waste exchange. The intertistial fluid facilitates the delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and waste exchange between the plasama and cells.
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7
Q

Homeostatic Role of CVS

What are the three key factors that the circulatory system must manage to effectively control the composition of interstitial fluid?

A
  • Adequate blood pressure: adequate blood pressure is required to move blood through the capillaries; important for diffusion of nutrients, oxygen, and waste exchange
  • Chemical composition of blood: oxygenated blood must deliver to tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs for reoxygenation. Oxygenated blood needs to reach the interstitial fluid to provide oxygen and nutrients, while also removing cellular waste, like CO2
  • Short distance: diffusion is most effective over short distances; short distances mean quick and effectient deliveries of oxygen, nutrients, and waste exchage between blood and tissues.
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8
Q

Homeostatic Role of CVS

How does cardiac output contribute to maintaining homeostasis?

A
  • CO is the amount of volume blood circulating throughout tissues.
  • Higher CO -> high blood pressure -> less resistance -> efficient delivery of nutrients, oxygen, and waste exchange
  • CO can adjust to mantain homeostatis based on the needs of the body.
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9
Q

Homeostatic Role of CVS

How does high blood pressure impact resistance and the efficiency of nutrient and oxygen delivery in systemic circulation?

A
  • High blood pressure -> overcomes high resistance and ensure the efficient delivery of nutrients, oxygen, and waste exchange
  • Low blood pressure -> cannot overcome high resistance, compromises the delivery of nutrients, oxygen, and waste exchange.

Low blood pressure is caused by hypotension which is influenced by dehyd

  • High Blood Pressure: Compensates for high resistance, facilitating effective blood flow.
  • High Resistance: A characteristic of systemic circulation managed by high blood pressure.
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10
Q

What are the three main compartments of extracellular fluid, and what percentage of total body water does each represent?

A
  • Interstitial (40%)
  • Intercellular (15%)
  • Plama (5%)
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11
Q

What are osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure, and how do they influence the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid compartments?

A
  • Osmotic pressure: pulls fluid into the capillaries
  • Hydrostatic pressure: pushes fluid out of the capillaries
  • In a two way exchange, plasma delivers nutrients and oxygen (hydrostatic pressure) and removes cellular waste from the interstitial fluid (osmotic pressure).
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12
Q

How do osmotic and hydrostatic pressures together determine the movement of water between the intravascular (plasma) fluid compartment and the interstitial fluid compartment? Why is this process passive?

A
  • Osmotic pressure moves fluid into the plasma from the interstitial fluid through concentration gradients
  • Hydrostatic pressure moves fluid out of the plasma into the interstitial fluid through a pressure gradient
  • This a passive process because it does not rely on energy, it relies on concentration gradients (osmotic pressure)
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12
Q

What is the primary structure across which osmotic and hydrostatic pressures influence the movement of water between plasma and interstitial fluid compartments?

A
  • Capillaries
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13
Q

How does the concentration gradient of solutes affect osmotic pressure and the movement of water in the context of osmotic pressure?

A
  • Osmotic pressure causes water to move from the interstitial fluid (low solute concetration) to the plasma (high solutes concentration) due to a concentration gradient.
  • Water moves towards the area with a higher solute concentration to balance the solute levels.
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14
Q

How does the movement of water between compartments contribute to homeostasis?

A
  • Plasma and the interstitial fluid communicate for a oxygen, nutrients, and waste exchange
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15
Q

What factors influence the balance between osmotic and hydrostatic pressures in the capillaries?

A
  • solute concentration
  • blood pressure concentration
  • capillary permeability
    ** lymphatic drainage*
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16
Q

Fluid Movement: Sweating

How does sweating lead to a decrease in plasma volume and an increase in plasma osmolarity, and what role does the intracellular fluid play in restoring balance?

A
  • When you sweat, you lose water. This water loss is seen in the interstitial compartment. With water loss, this compartment becomes hypertonic (high solute concentration area). This is because sweating only cause a loss of water and not solutes, like salt.
  • To rebalance this compartment, water is pulled from plasma. This leads to a plasma volume decrease and a osmoregulation (high solute concentration) increase.
  • To rebalance plasma, water is pulled from the intracellular compartment (intersitial fluid) and added to the extracellular compartments (IF and Plasma)
  • This increases plasma volume and regulates plasma solutes
17
Q

Circulations

What is the function of pulmonary circulation, and what are its key characteristics?

A
  • Facilitate gas exchange, takes O2 into the blood and CO2 out
  • Low resistance and pressure
  • 100% of cardiac output; the right ventricle pumps out deoxygenated blood to the lungs to oxygenate blood
18
Q

Circulations

What is the function of systemic circulation, and what are its key characteristics?

A
  • Transports oxygenated blood from the lungs through the left ventricle
  • Returns deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the right atrium
  • High resistance and pressure
19
Q

Circulations

Why are systemic organs arranged primarily in parallel, and what are the advantages of this arrangement?

A
  • Simultaneous blood flow
  • uniform blood compoistion: all organs receive oxygenated blood
  • independent flow regulation: independent blood flow can be adjusted as needed throughout the body
20
Q

Circulations

What is the importance of serial circulation in relation to systemic and pulmonary circulation?

A
  • The two circuits flow into each other
  • Pulmonary circulation: deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle flows to the lungs for oxygenation.
  • Systemic circulation: oxygenated blood flows from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
21
Q

Distribution of Blood Flow

What factors influence the distribution of blood flow to different tissues in the body?

A
  • Metabolic base need
  • Some tissues require more energy/ functional demand and need more blood.
  • Ex: muscles (skeletal muscle) during excerise
22
Q

Distribution of Blood Flow

How does the parallel arrangement of blood flow to organs impact overall circulation?

A
  • It ensures that changes in blood flow to one organ cannot negatively impact the other organs
  • This allows for independent and simultaenous blood flow.
23
Q

Vasculature

What is the primary role of arterioles in the circulatory system?

A
  • distribute blood flow
  • regulate blood pressure
24
Q

Vasculature

How do arterioles regulate blood pressure?

A
  • adjusting their diameter through vasoconstriction (narrow) and vasodilation (widen)
  • narrow vessels = more resistance, raises blood pressure (cocktail straw for a milkshake), widen vessels = less resistance, lowers blood pressure (boba straw for a milkshake)

vasoconstriction: decreases blood flow
vasodilation: increases blood flow

25
Q

What is the relationship between arterioles and blood flow distribution?

A
  • Arterioles can regulate blood flow based on their metabolic need and by adjusting their diameter, this is important because it ensures tissues receive the appropriate amount of blood perfusions to match their functional demands
26
Q

What role do capillaries play in nutrient exchange between compartments?

A
  • Permeability and diffusion for homeostatis
27
Q

Vasculature

What are the three functions of endothelium lining?

A
  • Modulate homeostatis; this is done through vasoconstriction and vasodilation; by adjusting vessel diameter blood flow and pressure is regulated
  • Modulate inflammatory responses, if vessels are damaged then they cant produce nitric oxide and dilate
  • Modulate vessel diameter, this is done with the release of nitric oxide that allows vasodilation; increases blood flow by decreasing resistance and blood pressure
28
Q

Vasculature Function

What is the primary function of** venules and veins** in the circulatory system?

A
  • Conductance vessels
  • Return blood to the heart
29
Q

Vasculature Function

What role do arteries play in the circulatory system?

A
  • Conductance vessels
  • Distribute blood away from the heart
30
Q

Vasculature Function

What is the function of arterioles in the circulatory system?

A
  • Resistance vessels
  • Regulate blood flow to organs
31
Q

Vasculature Function

How does the extensive branching of the capillary network benefit individual cells?

A
  • Shorter distances for efficient diffusion
32
Q

Vasculature Function

What is the primary function of capillaries?

A
  • Exchange vessels
  • Exchange nutrients and wastes between blood and tissues
  • Moves blood back to the heart
33
Q

The Blood

What is convective transport in the context of blood circulation?

A
  • bulk movement of fluid (blood) that carries substances (nutrients, o2, waste) between cells and tissues
34
Q

The Blood

What determines the rate of transport of an individual substance in the blood?

A
  • blood flow
  • concentration of the substances in the blood
35
Q

The Blood

What are the main components of blood?

A
  • formed elements and plasma
36
Q

What is the role of leukocytes (white blood cells) in blood?

A
  • Immune response
37
Q

What is the role of platelets (cell fragments) in blood?

A
  • Blood clotting at the site of injury to prevent bleeding
38
Q

What are the main components of plasma in blood?

A
  • electrolytes and proteins
  • albumin and fibriogen
39
Q

What is the function of albumin in plasma?

A
  • maintain blood osmotic pressure and transport various substances, including hormones and drugs
40
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen in plasma?

A
  • protein involved in blood clotting
41
Q

What is hematocrit and what does it measure?

A
  • determines volume of RBCs to total blood volume
  • measures the percent of blood volume using RBCs

CardioPulmonary Physiology (3 decks)

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