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EXCI 258 > Organization of Nervous System, Synapses and Transmitters > Flashcards

Organization of Nervous System, Synapses and Transmitters Flashcards

1
Q

CNS vs PNS

A

CNS: Encephalon (brain, brainstem, cerebellum), spinal cord
PNS: Peripheral nervous system (sensory and motor)

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2
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Autonomic functions (heart rate, respiratory rate, digestion, urination…)

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3
Q

What are the two systems that make up the ANS

A

Sympathetic nervous system: increases activity of autonomic functions

Parasympathetic nervous system: decreases the activity of autonomic functions

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4
Q

Where do the ANS signals originate from?

A

The brainstem

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5
Q

Name the 3 major levels of the CNS

A

Cortical level, subcortical level and the spinal cord level

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6
Q

What does the spinal cord level contain?

A

Walking circuits
Circuits for reflexes
Circuits for body support (extensors)
Circuits for reflexes that control organ functions

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7
Q

What does the subcortical level contain?

A

Brainstem (medulla and pons), mesencephalon, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia

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8
Q

What does the subcortical level control?

A

subconscious body activities: arterial pressure, respiration, equilibrium, body temperature, hormonal regulation

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9
Q

What is vagal shock?

A

loss of consciousness due to lack of blood going to the brain

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10
Q

T/F the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system is what produces vagal shock

A

False, the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for vagal shock

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11
Q

Is the cortical level the superficial layer of the grey or white matter?

A

Grey matter

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12
Q

What are the functions of the cortical level?

A

Information processing, memory storage, decision making, thought process

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13
Q

What is the cerebral cortex made up of?

A

Grey matter

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14
Q

Where is the information in the somatosensory system transmitted to?

A

spinal cord, reticular substance, cerebellum, thalamus, cerebral cortex

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15
Q

What is the main function of the somatosensory system?

A

To transmit somatic information from the receptors to the CNS

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16
Q

What does the motor system control?

A

Skeletal muscle contraction, smooth muscle contraction (internal organs), the activity of exocrine & endocrine glands

17
Q

In which direction does a signal travel through a neuron?

A

Cell body (soma) to the dendrites to the axon

18
Q

Name the four types of neurons

A

Unipolar neuron
Multipolar neuron
Pseudo-unipolar neuron
Bipolar neuron

19
Q

Where are unipolar neurons found?

A

Photoreceptors in the retina

20
Q

Describe a unipolar neuron

A

Dendrite & axon are on the same side

21
Q

Describe the multipolar neuron

A

Has several dendrites and one axon
Most common cell type (motoneuron, purkinje cell)

22
Q

Where are pseudo-unipolar neurons found?

A

They are the sensory neuron in the spinal cord

23
Q

What do pseudo-unipolar neurons develop from?

A

From bipolar neurons

24
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

in the eyes, the retina, inner ear & olfactory

25
Q

Describe the bipolar neuron

A

One main dendrite and one axon

26
Q

How is information transmitted within the neuron?

A

By action potentials

27
Q

Where do APs start?

A

Axon hillock

28
Q

How is information communicated between neurons?

A

By synapses

29
Q

Describe the role of Ca2+

A

Ca2+ enters the cell and causes neurotransmitters to be released form vesicles; amount of neurotransmitters released is directly related o the number of Ca2+ ions that enter

30
Q

What is a synonym for neurotransmitter?

A

Ligand

31
Q

What does the type of neurotransmitter based on?

A

The action on the postsynaptic neuron

32
Q

What are the two types of neurotransmitters?

A

Excitatory: Excite postsynaptic neuron
Inhibitory: Inhibit postsynaptic neuron

33
Q

Name the excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate: Used in every part of the brain and spinal cord

Dopamine: Motor behavior + pleasures + emotional arousal

Norepinephrine: Sleep patterns + focus

Acetylcholine: Activates skeletal muscle

Serotonin: Mood + appetite + sleep + memory + learning

34
Q

Name the inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA: used in every part of the brain, balancei n our system, many sedative drugs act by enhancing the effect of GABA

35
Q

What does GABA stand for

A

Gamma- amino butyric acid

36
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of neurotransmitters release?

A
  1. AP arrives at presynaptic terminal
  2. Local depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ ions flow into terminal
  3. Ca2+ ions trigger the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane
  4. Release of the transmitter into the synaptic cleft
37
Q

Name the two types of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

A

Ionotropic receptor
Metabotropic receptor

38
Q

Which receptors are slow/fast acting?

A

Ionotropic = fats acting (lets ions flow inside

Metabotropic = slow acting (second messenger activator

39
Q

What are the two types of ion channels in ionotropic receptors?

A

EXCI 258 (4 decks)

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