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Neurophysiology > Organization of nervous system > Flashcards

Organization of nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Which signgo straight FROM brain and skip the spinal cord?

A

somatic motor, cranial (cranial skeletal muscles) (CN)
visceral motor (parasympathetic NS (CN)

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2
Q

Which signals go straight TO brain and skip the SC?

A

special sensory (hearing, equib., sight, smell, taste (cranial somatic sensory, CN)

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3
Q

Which signals can go BOTH directly to brain OR through the spinal cord?

A

visceral (stretch, pain, temperature, chemical stimuli) (CN for direct, and SN for SC)

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4
Q

Which go through the spinal cord first before going to the brain?

A

somatic sensory, non-cranial (touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature) (SN)

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5
Q

Which go through the spinal cord after the brain?

A

somatic motor, non-cranial (non-cranial skeletal muscles (SN)

visceral motor: autonomic NS, all SNS and sacral PaNS (SN)

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6
Q

Where do you find white matter?

A

CNS

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7
Q

Does myelin increase or decrease the velocity of signal transmission?

A

increase

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8
Q

Which has more myelinated axons? Gray or white matter?

A

white

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9
Q

What is grey matter composed of?

A

neuronal and glial cell bodies

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10
Q

Tracts are a collection of axons in the __________, whereas nerves are in the ___________.

A

CNS
PNS

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11
Q

Sites of integration

A

axon hillock

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12
Q

Dorsal columns are examples of ______________.

A

tracts

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13
Q

________ matter is the majority of the cerebral cortex, while __________ matter is a thin superficial layer.

A

white matter, gray matter

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14
Q

True or false. PNS axons/nerves can sometimes regenerate while CNS cannot.

A

True

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15
Q

Ganglia (neuronal bodies in _________)
Nuclei (neuronal bodies in __________)

Exception?

A

PNS
CNS

basal nuclei are called basal ganglia and are in the CNS

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16
Q

Who comes to help the brain when there is damage (phagocyte), but can perpetuate degenerative disease?

A

microglial

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17
Q

Who supports the neuron by producing myelin?

A

oligodendrocyte

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18
Q

Who participates in BBB, regulating intestinal fluid, structure, support and organization to CNS, neuronal development, replicates to occupy space of dying neurons?

A

astrocytes

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19
Q

Who lines the ventricles of the brain and central canal of SC, and assists in the production/circulation of CSF?

A

ependymal cells

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20
Q

Most numerous cells in the CNS? Highest in gray matter?

A

astrocytes

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21
Q

Who regulates concentrations of ions?

A

astrocytes

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22
Q

Who facilitates neuroplasticity?

A

astrocytes

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23
Q

What do intermediate filaments do? Example of 1. What cell is responsible?

A

structural support, GFAP, astrocytes

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24
Q

Who feeds neurons?

A

astrocytes

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25
Q

Movement of which ciliated cells drives CSF?

A

ependymal cells

26
Q

________ junctions prevent unwanted substances from entering the CSF.

27
Q

interstitial fluid = extracellular fluid?

28
Q

What are the only white blood cells that are allowed past the BBB?

A

microglial cells

29
Q

What are the structures that astrocytes speak to to contact the capillaries in CSF in regards to BBB? What do they do?

A

endfeet, increased tight junciton, tell capillaries what to transport into to CNS

30
Q

What causes endothelial cells to express transport proteins for desirable molecules and inhibit expression of pro-inflammatory signals?

31
Q

Which layer of strong, fibrous con. tissue is covering each nerve? What also runs through this layer? What is it called?

A

epineurium, blood vessels, vasa nervorum

32
Q

What is fibroblast-like layer that surround bundles of axons? What are these bundles called? How many cells thick? What kind of junction is found in this layer, allowing it to regulate what moves in?

A

perineurium, fascicles, 2-6, tight

33
Q

What is the delicate conn. tissue layer that surrounds ind. axons? Contains tight juntctions.

A

endoneurium

34
Q

What is barrier 1 of BNB, what is barrier 2?

A

perineurium, endothelial

35
Q

Which barrier allows more leukocytes in? BBB or BNB?

36
Q

Difference between schwann cells and oligodendtrocytes?

A

one schwann cell per axon (PNS), oligo. can myelinate multiple nearby axons (CNS)

37
Q

Do the dorsal root ganglia and autonomic ganglia need a “blood-ganglion barrier”?

38
Q

What surrounds, protects and nourishes neuronal cell bodies in ganglia?

A

satellite cells

39
Q

“input” area of a neuron?

40
Q

Dendritic spines are very close to what part of the axon? Why?

A

the terminal, for effective synapses

41
Q

What shape are the most effective dendritic spines?

A

larger, broader and “mushroom-shaped” or branched

42
Q

What is an immature dendritic spine called?

43
Q

What is soma? This is the site for what?

A

neuronal cell body, protein synthesis

44
Q

What is the are nearby the nucleus composed of many free ribosomes and rER?

A

nissl substance (basophilic)

45
Q

Microtubles, actin microfillaments and neurofilaments are found where?

A

cell body and processes of neurons

46
Q

What intermediate filaments are concentrated in axons and provide structural stability for neuronal processes?

A

neurofilaments

47
Q

What has opposite orientation in dendrites vs. axons to ensure that that 2 components are directed to the right places?

A

microtubules

48
Q

What 3 structures are the sites for action potentials?

A

axon, axon hillock and synaptic terminals

49
Q

Nodes of ranvier?

A

myelin-free segments crucial to action potential generation

50
Q

What are the 3 types of neuron morphology? How do they differ?

A

pseudo-unipolar: single process that bifurcates. Sensory functions

bipolar: 2 distinct processes (1 axon, 1 dendrite) transmitting signals from specialized sensory organs to CNS (vision, hearing, smell).

multipolar: (MOST COMMON) 1 axon, several dendrites. Carries APs to other neurons, glands, and muscle tissues

51
Q

Afferent vs efferent

A

afferent - ascend (through SC) to CNS
efferent (exit) - Exits CNS to PNS

52
Q

Which CNs special senses (7) are afferents? Which somatic senses (1)? Visceral (2)?

A

Special senses: I, II, III, VII, VIII, IX, X
Somatic senses: CN V
Visceral senses: IX, X (baroreceptors)

53
Q

Which nerve plays a role in gut-brain connection?

A

vagus nerve

54
Q

What do somatic motor efferents control? Do we have conscious control over all of them?

A

skeletal muscles, no (ex. middle ear, straining to hear)

55
Q

Distal portions of the colon, bladder and reproductive organs are which senses?

56
Q

Which cranial nerves are visceral motor efferents? Parasympathetic NS.

A

III, VII, IX, X

57
Q

Sympathetic NS controls what reaction? What ways does the body respond? Major hormones?

A

Fight or flight

INCREASED: heart rate, CO, blood flood to skeletal muscles, heart, ventilation.

DECREASED: digestive function, blood flow to GI tract, skin, kidneys

HORMONES: epinephrine, norepinephrine

58
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, where are paravertebral ganglia located? Prevertebral ganglia?

A

adjacent to the vert. column
ant. to vert. column (celiac, sup. mesenteric ganglia)

59
Q

Parasympathetic NS controls what reaction? What ways does the body respond? Major neurotransmitter?

A

“rest and digest”

INCREASED: digestive function and GI motility, blood flow to digestive tract, mucous secretion

DECREASED: heart rate, cardiac output

Bronchoconstriction

MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTER: acetylcholine

60
Q

Parasympathetic NS organization. What are the 3 paths? Where is the division?

A

vagus nerve- all visceral efferents up to the prox. large bowel

sacral nerves- all visceral efferents to the rest of the large bowel, kidney, reproductive organs

Neurophysiology (9 decks)

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