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Organization and General Plan of the Body Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of body structure, which includes size, shape, composition and perhaps even coloration?

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

What is the study of the functions of different body structures?

A

Physiology

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3
Q

What is the study of the effects of different diseases in normal physiology?

A

Pathophysiology

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4
Q

These chemicals are usually simple molecules made of one or two elements other than carbon (with a few exceptions).

A

Inorganic chemicals

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5
Q

These are often very complex and always contain the element carbon (sometimes hydrogen).

A

Organic chemicals

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6
Q

Cover or line body surfaces; some are capable of producing secretions with specific functions. The outer layer of the skin and sweat glands are examples of this tissue.

A

Epithelial tissues

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7
Q

Connect and support parts of the body; some transport or store materials. Blood, bone, cartilage and adipose tissue are examples of this group.

A

Connective tissues

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8
Q

Specialized for contraction which brings about movement. Our skeletal muscles and the heart (cardiac muscle tissue) are examples of this tissue.

A

Muscle tissue

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9
Q

Specialized to generate and transmit electrochemical impulses that regulate body functions.The brain and optic nerves are examples of this tissue.

A

Nerve tissue

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10
Q

What is the most familiar and frequent form of ‘replacement parts’ for people?

A

Blood transfusions

Blood is a tissue that can be safely transfused when properly typed and cross-matched.

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11
Q

What is a significant risk associated with organ transplants?

A

Rejection of the organ by the recipient’s immune system

This is discussed in detail in Chapter 14.

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12
Q

What has increased the success rate for many types of organ transplants?

A

More effective immune-suppressing medications

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13
Q

List three organs that may be transplanted.

A
  • Kidneys
  • Heart
  • Liver
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14
Q

Why does skin transplanted from another person not survive long?

A

It is rejected by the recipient’s immune system

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15
Q

What type of skin is needed for patients with severe burns?

A

Skin grafts from their own unburned skin

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16
Q

What is one method being researched to cover burn sites?

A

Growing a patient’s skin in laboratory culture

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17
Q

What types of cells are being grown in culture for potential medical use?

A
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
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18
Q

What are liver implants?

A

Clusters of functional liver cells grown in a lab

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19
Q

What is tissue engineering being used to create?

A

Arteries and urinary bladders

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20
Q

What materials are many artificial replacement parts made of?

A

Plastic or metal

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21
Q

What is an example of an artificial part that can replace damaged heart valves?

A

Artificial heart valves

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22
Q

What type of grafts can replace sections of arteries?

A

Tubular grafts made of synthetic materials

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23
Q

What types of implants provide some sense of hearing for people with certain types of deafness?

A

Cochlear implants

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24
Q

What is being developed as an artificial retina?

A

A featherweight computer chip

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25
What devices are being created to assist damaged hearts?
Devices that help damaged hearts pump blood more efficiently
26
What is the goal of developing small, self-contained artificial hearts?
To assist patients with severe heart issues
27
What is the main function of the integumentary system?
Is a barrier to pathogens and chemicals ## Footnote It also prevents excessive water loss.
28
What are the primary organs of the skeletal system?
bones, ligaments ## Footnote Supports the body and protects internal organs.
29
Which system is responsible for movement of the skeleton?
Muscular system ## Footnote It includes muscles and tendons.
30
What is the function of the nervous system?
Interprets sensory information ## Footnote Regulates body functions such as movement by means of electrochemical impulses.
31
How does the endocrine system regulate body functions?
By means of hormones ## Footnote It regulates functions such as growth and reproduction.
32
What does the circulatory system transport?
Oxygen and nutrients to tissues ## Footnote It also removes waste products.
33
What is the role of the lymphatic system?
Returns tissue fluid to the blood ## Footnote It also destroys pathogens that enter the body and provides immunity.
34
Which system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Respiratory system ## Footnote It includes organs such as lungs and trachea.
35
What is the function of the digestive system?
Changes food to simple chemicals that can be absorbed ## Footnote It also removes waste products from the blood.
36
Fill in the blank: The urinary system regulates volume and _______ of blood and tissue fluid.
pH ## Footnote It includes organs like kidneys and urinary bladder.
37
What is produced by the reproductive system?
Eggs or sperm ## Footnote In women, it provides a site for the developing embryo-fetus.
38
What are the primary organs of the respiratory system?
lungs, trachea, larynx, diaphragm ## Footnote It is responsible for gas exchange.
39
True or False: The skeletal system provides a framework to be moved by muscles.
True ## Footnote It supports the body and protects internal organs.
40
Skin
Integumentary system
41
Subcutaneous tissue
Integumentary system
42
Bones
Skeletal system
43
ligaments
skeletal system
44
muscle
muscular system
45
tendons
muscular system
46
brain
nervous system
47
nerves
nervous system
48
eyes
nervous system
49
ears
nervous system
50
thyroid gland
endocrine system
51
pituitary gland
endocrine system
52
pancreas
endocrine system
53
heart
circulatory system
54
blood
circulatory system
55
arteries
circulatory system
56
spleen
lymphatic system
57
lymph nodes
lymphatic system
58
lungs
respiratory system
59
trachea
respiratory system
60
larynx
respiratory system
61
62
diaphragm
respiratory system
63
stomach
digestive system
64
colon
digestive system
65
liver
digestive system
66
pancreas
digestive system
67
kidneys
urinary system
68
urinary bladder
urinary system
69
urethra
urinary system
70
ovaries
reproductive system
71
uterus
reproductive system
72
testes
reproductive system
73
prostate gland
reproductive system
74
it is a barrier to pathogens and chemicals
integumentary system
75
this prevents excessive water loss
integumentary system
76
this supports the body
skeletal system
77
protects internal organs and bone marrow
skeletal system
78
provides a framework to be moved by muscles
skeletal system
79
moves the skeleton
muscular system
80
produces heat
muscular system
81
interprets sensory information
nervous system
82
regulate body functions such as movement by means of electrochemical impulses
nervous system
83
regulates body functions such as growth and reproduction by means of hormones
endocrine system
84
regulates day-to-day metabolism by means of hormones
endocrine system
85
transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste products
circulatory system
86
returns tissue fluid to the blood
lymphatic system
87
destroy pathogens that enter the body and provides immunity
lymphatic system
88
exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood
respiratory system
89
changes food into simple chemicals that can be absorbed and used by the body
digestive system
90
removes waste products from the blood
urinary system
91
92
What is metabolism?
All of the chemical reactions and physical processes that take place within the body ## Footnote Metabolism includes growing, repairing, reacting, and reproducing, which are all characteristics of life.
93
What are some examples of metabolic processes?
* Pumping of the heart * Digestion of food in the stomach * Diffusion of gases in the lungs and tissues * Production of energy in each cell
94
What does the term 'metabolism' originate from?
A Greek word meaning 'change' ## Footnote This reflects the ongoing changes occurring in the body.
95
How does the body change according to metabolism?
* Visible ways (e.g., walking) * Microscopic ways (e.g., cells dividing) * Submicroscopic or molecular ways (e.g., RNA and enzymes constructing proteins)
96
What is metabolic rate?
The speed at which the body produces energy and heat ## Footnote It can also be described as energy production per unit of time, such as 24 hours.
97
What is the relationship between metabolism and metabolic rate?
Metabolic rate is one aspect of metabolism.

Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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