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biology > organisms exchange substances with the environment > Flashcards

organisms exchange substances with the environment Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

exchange surface

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2
Q

surface area to volume ratio: formula

A

surface area/ volume

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3
Q

what is a problem that insects face

A

loss of water vapour can be released by fluid
prevent - SPHINCTER

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4
Q

insects gas exchange system structure

A

exoskeleton - but SPIRACPES allow gas to enter/ escape,

trachea - CHITIN to prevent collapsing 1mm

TRACHEOLES - large amounts of spiracles, large SA : V, rapid rate of aerobic respiration
1um, tubes have NARROW DIAMETER - short diffusion PATHWAY

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5
Q

tracheal fluid

A

aerobic respiration causes lactic acid, lowers water potential, water from tracheal fluid moves into cells, this uncovers more tracheal surface available

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6
Q

why is it a passive process in insects

A

O2 from air with a high external o2 concentration moves to low con in the sphincter

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7
Q

insects

A

have a high oxygen demand (active)

oxygen directly reaches cells

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8
Q

counter- current exchange system in fish

A

flow of blood is perpendicular to the flood of blood
There is never an equilibrium between concentration gradients because oxygen-rich blood is taken away and new blood with no oxygen will enter through capillaries

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9
Q

adaptation of lamellae for efficient gas exchange

A
  • extensive network of capillaries high surface area for o2 intake
  • many lamellae = high SA: V
  • thin membranes = short diffusion pathway - quickly
  • once o2 enters blood it is carried away
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10
Q

fishes exchange network

A

operculum
|> Operculum cavity
|> gills
gills
|> gill filaments
|>LAMELLAE

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11
Q

issue of fish and their environment

A

water concentration is lower in water than air - they must adapt to take in that 02 well

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12
Q

mammals gas exchange

A

mammals have a high rate of aerobic respiration (high O2 demand)

nose (NASAL CAVITY), have hair - traps pathogens, warms + moistens air

TRACHEA is made up of cartilage, goblet cells, and ciliated epithelial cells. MUCUS created + cilia waft mucus down to throat where it is swallowed + digested

BRONCHIS - cartilage. goblet, ciliated epithelial cells

BRONCHIOLES - cartilage + smooth muscle - can relax to expand for more air

ALVEOLI - sites of GAS EXCHANGE
extensive capillary network rapidly carried away - steep concentration gradient
O2 dissolves on moisture of alveolar wall
1 cell thick - short diffusion distance

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13
Q

process of inhalation in mammals

A

external muscles contract - pulls ribs out + up diaphragm contracts + flattens
increase volume of THORAX
LOW pressure in lungs causes air to move down pressure gradient to LUNGS

air moves to alveoli - where elastic fibres STRETCH)

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14
Q

what type of process is inhalation and exhalation

A

inhalation - active due to energy needed for the contraction of external external intercostal muscle

Exhalation - passive - involves the relaxing of muscles

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15
Q

the process of exhalation in mammals

A

external intercostal muscles relax
diaphragm relaxes

volume of thorax decreases lungs have higher pressure so moves down pressure gradient

moves out of lungs, elastic fibrers relax - ELASTIC RECOIL

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16
Q

why are the intercostal muscles described as ANTIGNSTIC

A

in exercise, breathing out is not passive, it requires the internal intercostal muscles to contract

as internal intercostal muscles contract to pull ribs down + inwards forcing more air out and external intercostal muscles relax

when one relaxes, the other contracts

17
Q

what is a single circulatory system, what is the problem with this

A

when the blood only passes the heart ONCE around the

initially, blood pressure is high from the heart but as it passes through the capillaries, it is lowww - slows down O2 delivery to the blood

18
Q

double circulatory system

A

blood passes the heart twice around circulatory system

lung - heart (pump) - body

body - heart ( pump) - lungs

19
Q

what is the relaxing and dilation of the smooth muscle in arteriole

A

contraction = VASOCONSTRICTION

relaxing = VASODILATION ( for when organ needs more oxygen)

20
Q

role of parts of artery + arteriole

A

collagen-rich outer layer - STRUCTURAL to strengthen the wall against the high pressure of blood

Smooth muscle - controlling blood by contracting or dilating

elastin protein - blood surge after heart pump stretches and when it leaves it recoils

21
Q

structural differences in arteries and arterioles

A

arterioles have thinner collagen + elastin protein due to lower pressure in blood
BUT
have thicker smooth muscle to control the blood flow for the capillaries

22
Q
A
23
Q
A

biology (10 decks)

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