Organisms And Life Processes Flashcards
Name the eight life processes that takes place in most living things
Require nutrition
Respire
Excrete
Respond to stimuli
Move
Control their internal conditions
Reproduce
Grow and develop
What is respire
Release energy from their food
What do most cells contain
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
What is cytoplasm
Living jelly like material that makes up most of a cell
What is nucleus
Cell organelle that contains chromosomes
Controls the activities of the cell
What is cell membrane
Thin surface layer around the cytoplasm of a cell
Forms a partially permeable barrier between the cell contents and the outside of the cell
What are chromosomes
Thread like structure found in the nucleus of a cell
Made of DNA and protein
Contains the genetic information (genes)
What are genes
Part of the chromosomes
Basic unit of inheritance
A length of DNA that controls the characteristics of an organism by coding for the production of a specific protein
What are enzymes
Proteins that act as a biological catalyst
What are ribosomes
Tiny structure in the cytoplasm of the cell
The site of protein synthesis
What is mitochondrion(a)
Organelle that carries out aerobic respiration,
Releasing energy for the cell
Place where most of the cells’ ATP is made (adenosine triphosphate)
What is ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
Chemical present in all cells. Which acts as an energy currency
Made by respiration and used up by any process that needs a supply of energy
What is a catalyst
A chemical which speeds up a reaction without being used up by itself
Takes part in reaction but afterwards is unchanged and free to catalyse more reactions
How do cells get energy
Through a process called respiration
Breaking down food molecules to release the stored chemical energy that they contain
What factors can affect the activity of enzymes
The concentration of enzymes
The concentration of substrate
The temperature
The pH
What is a substrate
The molecule that an enzyme acts on
Why are enzymes necessary
Temperature inside organisms are low
Without catalysts, the reactions that happen in cells would be too slow
What does denatured mean
Process where the structure of a protein is damaged by high temperature
What is the primary function of oxygen in our bodies
Oxygen is used to oxidise food
Mainly a sugar called glucose
And when oxidised, waste product of carbon dioxide and water is left behind
What is glucose
Monosaccharide sugar, the main fuel for respiration
What does glucose contain
Stored chemical energy that can be converted into other forms of energy that the cell can use
What is respiration
Chemical reaction that breaks down glucose to release energy
Some heat energy is released but most is used to make ATP
What can ATP molecules be used for
Contraction of muscles
Active transport of molecules and ions
Building large molecules, such as protein
Cell division
Glucose chemical formula
C6 H12 O6
What is aerobic respiration
Reaction that releases energy from food.
Uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water
Energy from oxidation of glucose is used to add a phosphate to ADP ( adenosine diphosphate)
Summary of respiration process
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
What is ATP composed of
An organic molecule called adenosine attached to three phosphate groups
When energy is needed what happens to ATP
ATP is broken down into ADP and phosphate,
the chemical energy released from this reaction can then be used to drive metabolic processes that need it
What is anaerobic respiration
Reaction that releases energy from food, without using oxygen.
Produces lactate in mammals
Carbon dioxide and ethanol in yeast
What is yeast
Single celled fungi
What is yeast used for commercially
Making wine and beer
Baking bread
Does yeast respire aerobically or anaerobically
Both. In the absence of oxygen, yeast will respire anaerobically and produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.
In the presence of oxygen, yeast will aerobically respire and produce carbon dioxide and water
What are the three main ways that molecules and ions move through the cell membrane
Diffusion
Active transport
Osmosis
When and does diffusion happen and what is it’s energy source
Happens when a substance is more concentrated in one place than another
Kinetic energy of the particle is used to diffuse.
It does not need an extra source of energy
What happens to oxygen as a result aerobic respiration
As oxygen is used up through respiration, there will be a concentration gradient between inside the cell and outside the cell.
As such, oxygen will move into the cell through diffusion.
What happens to carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration
As carbon dioxide is released during respiration. There will be a concentration gradient.
As such, carbon dioxide will move out of the cell through diffusion
What factors affect the rate of diffusion
The concentration gradient - diffusion happens faster if there is a steep concentration gradient
The surface area to volume ratio- a larger surface area in proportion to volume will increase rate
The distance- it is slower if the diffusion has to take place over greater distance
The temperature- diffusion is greater at higher temperatures
What is active transport
Movement of molecules and ions against a concentration gradient, using energy from respiration
What is osmosis
Net diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a solution with a high water potential to a solution with low water potential
What is a zygote
Single cell resulting from a fusion of a male and female gamete
What is mitosis
Type of cell division that produces diploid body cells for growth and repair of tissues
What are tissues
Collection of similar cells working together to perform a function
What is an organ
Collection of different tissues working together to perform a function
Name the seven main systems of the human body
Digestive system
Gas exchange system
Circulatory system
Excretory system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Reproductive system
Digestive system
Teeth
Tongue
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
Gas exchange system
Mouth
Nose
Trachea
Bronchus (I)
Bronchioles
Alveolus(I)
Circulatory system
Heart
Blood vessels- arteries, veins and capillaries
Excretory system
Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
Nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Endocrine system
Glands
What is stem cell
Cells that can divide several times but remain undifferentiated
Present in early embryo and
in some adult tissues such as bone marrow, skin and the lining of the intestine
What is stem cell therapy
The use of stem cell to treat (or prevent) a disease, or to repair damaged tissues
Most common form of stem cell therapy
Bone marrow transplant, which is used to treat patients with conditions such as leukemia
