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Biology Edexcel > Organisms And Life Processes > Flashcards

Organisms And Life Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the eight life processes that takes place in most living things

A

Require nutrition
Respire
Excrete
Respond to stimuli
Move
Control their internal conditions
Reproduce
Grow and develop

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2
Q

What is respire

A

Release energy from their food

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3
Q

What do most cells contain

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane

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4
Q

What is cytoplasm

A

Living jelly like material that makes up most of a cell

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5
Q

What is nucleus

A

Cell organelle that contains chromosomes

Controls the activities of the cell

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6
Q

What is cell membrane

A

Thin surface layer around the cytoplasm of a cell

Forms a partially permeable barrier between the cell contents and the outside of the cell

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7
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Thread like structure found in the nucleus of a cell

Made of DNA and protein

Contains the genetic information (genes)

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8
Q

What are genes

A

Part of the chromosomes

Basic unit of inheritance

A length of DNA that controls the characteristics of an organism by coding for the production of a specific protein

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9
Q

What are enzymes

A

Proteins that act as a biological catalyst

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10
Q

What are ribosomes

A

Tiny structure in the cytoplasm of the cell

The site of protein synthesis

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11
Q

What is mitochondrion(a)

A

Organelle that carries out aerobic respiration,

Releasing energy for the cell

Place where most of the cells’ ATP is made (adenosine triphosphate)

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12
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

Chemical present in all cells. Which acts as an energy currency

Made by respiration and used up by any process that needs a supply of energy

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13
Q

What is a catalyst

A

A chemical which speeds up a reaction without being used up by itself

Takes part in reaction but afterwards is unchanged and free to catalyse more reactions

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14
Q

How do cells get energy

A

Through a process called respiration

Breaking down food molecules to release the stored chemical energy that they contain

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15
Q

What factors can affect the activity of enzymes

A

The concentration of enzymes
The concentration of substrate
The temperature
The pH

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16
Q

What is a substrate

A

The molecule that an enzyme acts on

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17
Q

Why are enzymes necessary

A

Temperature inside organisms are low

Without catalysts, the reactions that happen in cells would be too slow

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18
Q

What does denatured mean

A

Process where the structure of a protein is damaged by high temperature

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19
Q

What is the primary function of oxygen in our bodies

A

Oxygen is used to oxidise food

Mainly a sugar called glucose

And when oxidised, waste product of carbon dioxide and water is left behind

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20
Q

What is glucose

A

Monosaccharide sugar, the main fuel for respiration

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21
Q

What does glucose contain

A

Stored chemical energy that can be converted into other forms of energy that the cell can use

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22
Q

What is respiration

A

Chemical reaction that breaks down glucose to release energy

Some heat energy is released but most is used to make ATP

23
Q

What can ATP molecules be used for

A

Contraction of muscles

Active transport of molecules and ions

Building large molecules, such as protein

Cell division

24
Q

Glucose chemical formula

A

C6 H12 O6

25
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

Reaction that releases energy from food.

Uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water

Energy from oxidation of glucose is used to add a phosphate to ADP ( adenosine diphosphate)

26
Q

Summary of respiration process

A

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

27
Q

What is ATP composed of

A

An organic molecule called adenosine attached to three phosphate groups

28
Q

When energy is needed what happens to ATP

A

ATP is broken down into ADP and phosphate,

the chemical energy released from this reaction can then be used to drive metabolic processes that need it

29
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

Reaction that releases energy from food, without using oxygen.

Produces lactate in mammals

Carbon dioxide and ethanol in yeast

30
Q

What is yeast

A

Single celled fungi

31
Q

What is yeast used for commercially

A

Making wine and beer

Baking bread

32
Q

Does yeast respire aerobically or anaerobically

A

Both. In the absence of oxygen, yeast will respire anaerobically and produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

In the presence of oxygen, yeast will aerobically respire and produce carbon dioxide and water

33
Q

What are the three main ways that molecules and ions move through the cell membrane

A

Diffusion

Active transport

Osmosis

34
Q

When and does diffusion happen and what is it’s energy source

A

Happens when a substance is more concentrated in one place than another

Kinetic energy of the particle is used to diffuse.

It does not need an extra source of energy

35
Q

What happens to oxygen as a result aerobic respiration

A

As oxygen is used up through respiration, there will be a concentration gradient between inside the cell and outside the cell.

As such, oxygen will move into the cell through diffusion.

36
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration

A

As carbon dioxide is released during respiration. There will be a concentration gradient.

As such, carbon dioxide will move out of the cell through diffusion

37
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion

A

The concentration gradient - diffusion happens faster if there is a steep concentration gradient

The surface area to volume ratio- a larger surface area in proportion to volume will increase rate

The distance- it is slower if the diffusion has to take place over greater distance

The temperature- diffusion is greater at higher temperatures

38
Q

What is active transport

A

Movement of molecules and ions against a concentration gradient, using energy from respiration

39
Q

What is osmosis

A

Net diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a solution with a high water potential to a solution with low water potential

40
Q

What is a zygote

A

Single cell resulting from a fusion of a male and female gamete

41
Q

What is mitosis

A

Type of cell division that produces diploid body cells for growth and repair of tissues

42
Q

What are tissues

A

Collection of similar cells working together to perform a function

43
Q

What is an organ

A

Collection of different tissues working together to perform a function

44
Q

Name the seven main systems of the human body

A

Digestive system

Gas exchange system

Circulatory system

Excretory system

Nervous system

Endocrine system

Reproductive system

45
Q

Digestive system

A

Teeth
Tongue
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus

46
Q

Gas exchange system

A

Mouth
Nose
Trachea
Bronchus (I)
Bronchioles
Alveolus(I)

47
Q

Circulatory system

A

Heart

Blood vessels- arteries, veins and capillaries

48
Q

Excretory system

A

Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

49
Q

Nervous system

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves

50
Q

Endocrine system

A

Glands

51
Q

What is stem cell

A

Cells that can divide several times but remain undifferentiated

Present in early embryo and

in some adult tissues such as bone marrow, skin and the lining of the intestine

52
Q

What is stem cell therapy

A

The use of stem cell to treat (or prevent) a disease, or to repair damaged tissues

53
Q

Most common form of stem cell therapy

A

Bone marrow transplant, which is used to treat patients with conditions such as leukemia

Biology Edexcel (2 decks)

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