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Science Year 8 > Organisms > Flashcards

Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Define breathing

A

The movement of air into and out of the lungs

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2
Q

When inhaling what happens to the rib cage?

A

The rib cage expands as rib muscles contract

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3
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when inhaling

A

It contracts (moves down)

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4
Q

What happens to the rib cage when exhaling?

A

It gets smaller as rib muscles relax

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5
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when exhaling?

A

It relaxes (moves up)

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6
Q

When you breath in does the volume in your chest cavity increase or decrease?

A

Increases

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7
Q

When you breathe out does the volume In your chest cavity increase or decrease?

A

Decreases

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8
Q

When does the pressure in your lungs lower?

A

When you breath in and the volume in your chest cavity increases

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9
Q

When breathing out what happens to the pressure in your lungs?

A

It decreases

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10
Q

How does inhaling work?

A

Due to a higher atmospheric pressure,air forces it’s way into your lungs

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11
Q

How does exhaling work?

A

Due to a lower atmospheric pressure air forces it’s way out of the lungs

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12
Q

Describe how air gets to the lungs

A

Air travels through a series of smaller tubes to the alveoli

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13
Q

Give the order of how air gets to the lungs

A

Trachea - bronchi - bronchiole - alveoli

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14
Q

Which lung is a bit smaller and why?

A

The left lung is a bit smaller than the right this is because it has it fit around the heart making it slightly smaller

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15
Q

When you breath faster what else do you need?

A

More oxygen

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16
Q

In a bell jar model, what parts of the respiratory system are represented and with what? (4)

A
  • trachea and bronchi (glass tube)
  • chest cavity (bell jar)
  • lungs (balloons)
  • diaphragm (rubber sheet)
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17
Q

Give a similarity for each part of the bell jar model

A
  • glass tube (bronchi and trachea) - allows air to pass through,splits into two
  • bell jar (chest cavity) - air tight
  • balloons (lungs) - can inflate and deflate, are elastic like alveoli
  • rubber sheet (diaphragm) - can be domed up to decrease the volume in the jar
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18
Q

Give a difference for each part of the bell jar model

A
  • glass tube (bronchi and trachea) - glass is rigid and inflexible unlike the cartilage bound trachea
  • bell jar (chest cavity) - unable to move, ribs can move up and out to increase the volume of the thorax
  • balloons (lungs) - the balloons are large open spaces however the lungs are made if individual alveoli
  • rubber sheet (diaphragm) - the diaphragm only flattens and isn’t pulled down like the rubber sheet
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19
Q

Name the 12 parts of the respiratory system

A
  • nasal cavity
  • trachea
  • pleural cavity
  • right lung
  • left lung
  • right bronchus
  • left bronchus
  • ribs
  • intercostal muscles
  • diaphragm
  • bronchiole
  • alveoli
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20
Q

Why are alveoli adapted

A

To make gas exchange happen easily and efficiently

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21
Q

What three adaptations do alveoli have

A
  • give the lungs a big surface area
  • they have moist,thin walls (just one cell thick)
  • they have lots of tiny blood vessels called capillaries
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22
Q

How do the gasses move in the lungs?

A

By diffusion where they have a high concentration to where they gave a low concentration

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23
Q

How does oxygen and carbon dioxide get passes through the lungs?

A

Oxygen - passes from the alveoli to the capillaries
Carbon dioxide - passes from the blood in the capillaries to the alveoli

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24
Q

Define digestion

A

Breaking down of food to smaller molecules and absorbing them

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25
Q

What are the 7 food categories

A
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • fibre
  • protein
  • carbohydrates
  • fats (includes milk and dairy)
  • watr
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26
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

Eating a wide range of nutrients in the correct proportions

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27
Q

Give some good sources of each food group

A
  • carbohydrates - bread , cereal, pasta, rice
  • Protein - eggs, meats, fish, dairy, nuts
  • Fats and oils - butter, cakes , red meat , cheese
  • minerals - fruits and veg
  • Vitamins- fruit and veg
  • Fibre - fruits and veg, cereal, whole meal products
  • water - fruits, veg, drinks,water
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28
Q

Give a use in the body for each food group

A

Carbohydrates- main source of energy
Protein - essential for growth and repair
Fats and oils - energy reserve and insulation
Minerals - maintain health (e.g calcium for bone structure)
Vitamins - maintain health (e.g vitamin a for eyes and vitamin d for immune system)
Fibre - helps to move food waste through the digestive system
Water keeps us hydrated

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29
Q

What are the two main sections of carbohydrates?

A

Complex carbohydrates starch
Simple carbohydrates sugar

30
Q

What can happen if too many simple carbohydrates are eaten?

A

Tooth decay and weight gain

31
Q

Why do athletes each many starchy foods?

A

Because starchy foods slowly release energy into our bodies

32
Q

What are whole grain varieties of starchy foods (e.g potatoes) a good source of?

A

Fibre which can help is to have healthy Bowles and feel full

33
Q

What is protein needed for in the body

A

To build repair and maintain body tissues. Muscles, organs and your immune system is mainly made of protein

34
Q

What does the body use protein for (give an example)

A

To make lots of specialised protein molecules that have specific jobs. For example haemoglobin, the part of the red blood cell that carries oxygen

35
Q

How is protein digested?

A

It’s broken down into basic units called amino acids that can be reused to make the proteins your body needs

36
Q

How many amino acids are in your body?

A

22 amino acids - 13 can be made without being thought about however the other nine are gotten from protein rich foods

37
Q

What is proteins from animal sources called?

A

Complete because it contains all nine of the essential amino acids

38
Q

Why is most vegetable protein considered incomplete?

A

Because it lacks one or more amino acids

39
Q

Why do little kids need a certain amount of fats

A

So that their brains and nervous systems develop correctly

40
Q

What are the two types of fats and where can they found?

A

Unsaturated fats - plant foods and fish, olive oil, tuna, salmon, peanut oil
Saturated fats - meat and animal products, butter,cheese,all milk except skimmed.

41
Q

What happens if you eat too much saturated fats?

A

Can raise blood cholesterol levels and increase risk of heart disease

42
Q

What type of fat is going for heart health

A

Unsaturated fats

43
Q

What does dietary fats do?

A

Helps kids body’s to grow, fats fuel the body and heal absorb some vitamins they also are the building blocks I’d hormones and they insulate the nervous system tissue

44
Q

Name 4 types of vitamins and what they do to help

A
  • Vitamin D - milk - helps bones
  • Vitamin. A - carrots - helps eyesight at night
  • Vitamin C - oranges - helps body to heal after being cut
  • Vitamin B - leafy green veg - helps to make protein and energy
45
Q

What are fat soluble vitamins? (3 factors)

A
  • stay in body for awhile
  • they are taken to where their needed by special carriers
  • e.g vitamin A,D,E,K
46
Q

What are water soluble vitamins?

A
  • vitamins don’t get stored as much in your body
  • travel through the bloodstream
  • whatever body doesn’t use comes out when urinating
47
Q

What does vitamin A do?

A

Helps you to see in colour and helps to fight infections by boosting immune system

48
Q

What type of vitamin is important in metabolic activity (make and set free energy)

A

The B vitamins

49
Q

Give three things vitamin C does in the body

A
  • keeping body tissues (gums and muscles etc.) in good shape
  • helps to heal cuts
  • makes it harder to get infected with illness
50
Q

Give three ways vitamin D helps in the body

A
  • strengthens bones
    -forms strong teeth
  • helps the body to absorb the amount of calcium needed
51
Q

Where can you get vitamin D from? (2 ways)

A
  • made in the skin when exposed to sunlight
  • from foods
52
Q

Give two ways vitamin A helps in the body

A
  • helps to see in colour
  • helps to fight infection by boosting immune system
53
Q

What does the body use minerals for? (4)

A
  • building strong bones
  • transmitting nerve impulses
  • making hormones
  • maintaining a normal heartbeat
54
Q

What does calcium help with in the body?

A
  • build strong bones
  • build strong healthy teeth
55
Q

What foods are rich in calcium?

A

-dairy products
- canned salmon and sardines with bones
- Leary green vegetables
- calcium fortified foods

56
Q

How does iron help in the body?

A
  • transport oxygen
  • in the formation I’d haemoglobin which helps to carry oxygen
57
Q

Define malnutrition

A

When an organism doesn’t get enough of each nutrient

58
Q

What is starvation?

A
  • a lack of nutrients that provide energy
  • (fat sugar and carbohydrates)
  • signs = muscle loss,dry skin and hair, infertility, fatigue and death
59
Q

What is scurvy?

A
  • a lack of vitamin C
  • signs = fatigue, bleeding gums, loss, of teeth, fever,death
60
Q

What is rickets?

A
  • lack of vitamin D
  • signs= muscle and bone softness
61
Q

What is anaemia?

A
  • lack of iron
  • signs = tiredness and lack of energy, shortness of breath, noticeable heartbeats, pale skin
62
Q

Name the 9 parts of the digestive system

A
  • mouth
  • oesophagus
  • liver
  • gull bladder
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • rectum
  • anus
63
Q

Where does digestion start and end?

A

In the mouth and completes in the small intestine

64
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A
  • Physical digestion - when food is broken up by teeth or muscles
  • chemical digestion - when food is broken up through the use of chemicals or enzymes
65
Q

Give the order food goes through the digestive system

A

Mouth,oesophagus,stomach,small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

66
Q

What three parts of the digestive system release digestive juices

A

Liver, gall bladder and the pancreas

67
Q

What is the stomach?

A

A muscular sack filled with hydraulic acid and protease to break down food

68
Q

What is bile?

A
  • produced by the liver
  • bile acids job the digestion if fat
  • bike helps to neutralise the stomach acid as it leaves the stomach to prevent the acid from damaging the small intestine
69
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A
  • absorbs small molecules from our food into our blood (includes glucose and amino acid)
  • large molecules are not able to pass through the wall of the small intestine and must first be broken down by enzymes
70
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

71
Q

What type of digestion uses enzymes?

A

Chemical digestion- these enzymes are specific and can Only breakdown one type of food molecule

Science Year 8 (7 decks)

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