Organisms Flashcards
Define breathing
The movement of air into and out of the lungs
When inhaling what happens to the rib cage?
The rib cage expands as rib muscles contract
What happens to the diaphragm when inhaling
It contracts (moves down)
What happens to the rib cage when exhaling?
It gets smaller as rib muscles relax
What happens to the diaphragm when exhaling?
It relaxes (moves up)
When you breath in does the volume in your chest cavity increase or decrease?
Increases
When you breathe out does the volume In your chest cavity increase or decrease?
Decreases
When does the pressure in your lungs lower?
When you breath in and the volume in your chest cavity increases
When breathing out what happens to the pressure in your lungs?
It decreases
How does inhaling work?
Due to a higher atmospheric pressure,air forces it’s way into your lungs
How does exhaling work?
Due to a lower atmospheric pressure air forces it’s way out of the lungs
Describe how air gets to the lungs
Air travels through a series of smaller tubes to the alveoli
Give the order of how air gets to the lungs
Trachea - bronchi - bronchiole - alveoli
Which lung is a bit smaller and why?
The left lung is a bit smaller than the right this is because it has it fit around the heart making it slightly smaller
When you breath faster what else do you need?
More oxygen
In a bell jar model, what parts of the respiratory system are represented and with what? (4)
- trachea and bronchi (glass tube)
- chest cavity (bell jar)
- lungs (balloons)
- diaphragm (rubber sheet)
Give a similarity for each part of the bell jar model
- glass tube (bronchi and trachea) - allows air to pass through,splits into two
- bell jar (chest cavity) - air tight
- balloons (lungs) - can inflate and deflate, are elastic like alveoli
- rubber sheet (diaphragm) - can be domed up to decrease the volume in the jar
Give a difference for each part of the bell jar model
- glass tube (bronchi and trachea) - glass is rigid and inflexible unlike the cartilage bound trachea
- bell jar (chest cavity) - unable to move, ribs can move up and out to increase the volume of the thorax
- balloons (lungs) - the balloons are large open spaces however the lungs are made if individual alveoli
- rubber sheet (diaphragm) - the diaphragm only flattens and isn’t pulled down like the rubber sheet
Name the 12 parts of the respiratory system
- nasal cavity
- trachea
- pleural cavity
- right lung
- left lung
- right bronchus
- left bronchus
- ribs
- intercostal muscles
- diaphragm
- bronchiole
- alveoli
Why are alveoli adapted
To make gas exchange happen easily and efficiently
What three adaptations do alveoli have
- give the lungs a big surface area
- they have moist,thin walls (just one cell thick)
- they have lots of tiny blood vessels called capillaries
How do the gasses move in the lungs?
By diffusion where they have a high concentration to where they gave a low concentration
How does oxygen and carbon dioxide get passes through the lungs?
Oxygen - passes from the alveoli to the capillaries
Carbon dioxide - passes from the blood in the capillaries to the alveoli
Define digestion
Breaking down of food to smaller molecules and absorbing them
What are the 7 food categories
- vitamins
- minerals
- fibre
- protein
- carbohydrates
- fats (includes milk and dairy)
- watr
What is a balanced diet?
Eating a wide range of nutrients in the correct proportions
Give some good sources of each food group
- carbohydrates - bread , cereal, pasta, rice
- Protein - eggs, meats, fish, dairy, nuts
- Fats and oils - butter, cakes , red meat , cheese
- minerals - fruits and veg
- Vitamins- fruit and veg
- Fibre - fruits and veg, cereal, whole meal products
- water - fruits, veg, drinks,water
Give a use in the body for each food group
Carbohydrates- main source of energy
Protein - essential for growth and repair
Fats and oils - energy reserve and insulation
Minerals - maintain health (e.g calcium for bone structure)
Vitamins - maintain health (e.g vitamin a for eyes and vitamin d for immune system)
Fibre - helps to move food waste through the digestive system
Water keeps us hydrated
What are the two main sections of carbohydrates?
Complex carbohydrates starch
Simple carbohydrates sugar
What can happen if too many simple carbohydrates are eaten?
Tooth decay and weight gain
Why do athletes each many starchy foods?
Because starchy foods slowly release energy into our bodies
What are whole grain varieties of starchy foods (e.g potatoes) a good source of?
Fibre which can help is to have healthy Bowles and feel full
What is protein needed for in the body
To build repair and maintain body tissues. Muscles, organs and your immune system is mainly made of protein
What does the body use protein for (give an example)
To make lots of specialised protein molecules that have specific jobs. For example haemoglobin, the part of the red blood cell that carries oxygen
How is protein digested?
It’s broken down into basic units called amino acids that can be reused to make the proteins your body needs
How many amino acids are in your body?
22 amino acids - 13 can be made without being thought about however the other nine are gotten from protein rich foods
What is proteins from animal sources called?
Complete because it contains all nine of the essential amino acids
Why is most vegetable protein considered incomplete?
Because it lacks one or more amino acids
Why do little kids need a certain amount of fats
So that their brains and nervous systems develop correctly
What are the two types of fats and where can they found?
Unsaturated fats - plant foods and fish, olive oil, tuna, salmon, peanut oil
Saturated fats - meat and animal products, butter,cheese,all milk except skimmed.
What happens if you eat too much saturated fats?
Can raise blood cholesterol levels and increase risk of heart disease
What type of fat is going for heart health
Unsaturated fats
What does dietary fats do?
Helps kids body’s to grow, fats fuel the body and heal absorb some vitamins they also are the building blocks I’d hormones and they insulate the nervous system tissue
Name 4 types of vitamins and what they do to help
- Vitamin D - milk - helps bones
- Vitamin. A - carrots - helps eyesight at night
- Vitamin C - oranges - helps body to heal after being cut
- Vitamin B - leafy green veg - helps to make protein and energy
What are fat soluble vitamins? (3 factors)
- stay in body for awhile
- they are taken to where their needed by special carriers
- e.g vitamin A,D,E,K
What are water soluble vitamins?
- vitamins don’t get stored as much in your body
- travel through the bloodstream
- whatever body doesn’t use comes out when urinating
What does vitamin A do?
Helps you to see in colour and helps to fight infections by boosting immune system
What type of vitamin is important in metabolic activity (make and set free energy)
The B vitamins
Give three things vitamin C does in the body
- keeping body tissues (gums and muscles etc.) in good shape
- helps to heal cuts
- makes it harder to get infected with illness
Give three ways vitamin D helps in the body
- strengthens bones
-forms strong teeth - helps the body to absorb the amount of calcium needed
Where can you get vitamin D from? (2 ways)
- made in the skin when exposed to sunlight
- from foods
Give two ways vitamin A helps in the body
- helps to see in colour
- helps to fight infection by boosting immune system
What does the body use minerals for? (4)
- building strong bones
- transmitting nerve impulses
- making hormones
- maintaining a normal heartbeat
What does calcium help with in the body?
- build strong bones
- build strong healthy teeth
What foods are rich in calcium?
-dairy products
- canned salmon and sardines with bones
- Leary green vegetables
- calcium fortified foods
How does iron help in the body?
- transport oxygen
- in the formation I’d haemoglobin which helps to carry oxygen
Define malnutrition
When an organism doesn’t get enough of each nutrient
What is starvation?
- a lack of nutrients that provide energy
- (fat sugar and carbohydrates)
- signs = muscle loss,dry skin and hair, infertility, fatigue and death
What is scurvy?
- a lack of vitamin C
- signs = fatigue, bleeding gums, loss, of teeth, fever,death
What is rickets?
- lack of vitamin D
- signs= muscle and bone softness
What is anaemia?
- lack of iron
- signs = tiredness and lack of energy, shortness of breath, noticeable heartbeats, pale skin
Name the 9 parts of the digestive system
- mouth
- oesophagus
- liver
- gull bladder
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- rectum
- anus
Where does digestion start and end?
In the mouth and completes in the small intestine
What are the two types of digestion?
- Physical digestion - when food is broken up by teeth or muscles
- chemical digestion - when food is broken up through the use of chemicals or enzymes
Give the order food goes through the digestive system
Mouth,oesophagus,stomach,small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
What three parts of the digestive system release digestive juices
Liver, gall bladder and the pancreas
What is the stomach?
A muscular sack filled with hydraulic acid and protease to break down food
What is bile?
- produced by the liver
- bile acids job the digestion if fat
- bike helps to neutralise the stomach acid as it leaves the stomach to prevent the acid from damaging the small intestine
What does the small intestine do?
- absorbs small molecules from our food into our blood (includes glucose and amino acid)
- large molecules are not able to pass through the wall of the small intestine and must first be broken down by enzymes
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts
What type of digestion uses enzymes?
Chemical digestion- these enzymes are specific and can Only breakdown one type of food molecule
