Organismal diversity-BNS1002-Test A Flashcards
what % of the planet’s productivity is marine
roughly 50% of the planet’s primary productivity is marine
how does algal productivity compare to other sources in the same habitat
algal productivity is often higher than other sources in a habitat
what are algae in almost all marine food webs
algae are the base of almost all ,marine food webs
what do algae provide for organisms
algae provide food and habitats
what do algae produce as part of their metabolism
algae produce DMSP as part of their metabolism
what is DMSP broken down to
it is broken down to DMS
this is then expelled as a waste product
what is DMS
DMS is one of the main cloud nucleation compounds in the atmosphere
what are algae defined by
algae are defined by ecological traits
what is algae not
algae is not a taxonomic term
algae are not all descended from a common ancestor
algae are also not plants
why are algae not plants?
they lack a vascular system
how are algae associated with the fungi group
through lichens
what are lichens
not a single organism a symbiosis between algae and fungi
fungi-body
algae-primary production
what are prokaryotic algae called
cyanobacteria
where is cyanobacteria found
lichens
most soils
water
what do cyanobacteria contain
some membrane bound organelles; the thylakoids
what did cyanobacteria form with plants and what do chloroplasts still contain from them
they formed a symbiotic relationship with plants
chloroplasts of plants still contain thylakoids
what are algae
algae are protists
what are protists
polyphyletic group used to describe some organisms that do not fall into other groups
what else are algae grouped as
chromista
where are algae found
they live in a broad range of mostly aquatic habitats
what do algae contain a broader range of compared to plants
algae contain a broader range of photopigments than plants
what are the two types of algae
micro and macro
name 4 features of microalgae
they are too small to be seen with the naked eye
most are unicellular
most are solitary but some aggregate in colonies
may also grow in unbranched filaments
how do the branched filaments of microalgae usually grow
usually grow attached-periphyton
those that float in ocean are known as phytoplankton
algae the aggregate on rocks are important parts of biofilms
name 3 features of macroalgae
can be observable with the naked eye
include coenocytes with large bodies-one multinucleate cell
majority are parenchymatous bodies composed of tissues
what 2 kinds of algae have the most species
green algae
diatoms and brown algae
outline cyanobacteria (10)
named due to cyan photosynthetic pigment
classed as bacteria
prokaryotes
contain chlorophyll A
release oxygen through photosynthesis
diverse set of body forms from uni to multicellular
reproduce by binary fission
found in diverse array of habitats
certain cyanobacteria produce toxins that can be harmful to animals and humans
name 3 habitats cyanobacteria are found in
marine soils geothermal waters polar water hypersaline waters
outline diatoms (4)
one of the most common types of phytoplankton
contribute to approximately 20% of global carbon fixation
occur as non-flagellate single cells or as cell aggregations
contain both fucoxanthin and chlorophyll c
cells are enclosed in a silica box known as the frustule or theca
outline dinoflagellates (4)
mostly microscopic photosynthetic or heterotrophic cells that have two distinctive flagella
two flagella are known as longitudinal and transverse
phagotrophy is common in dinoflagellates
common in marine and freshwaters
what is phagotrophy
feeding on particles such as the cells of other organisms
outline coccolithophores (5)
characterised by coccolliths
unicellular contain both chlorophyll A and C
almost exclusively marine
display characteristic latitudinal and depth stratification
very useful in climate studies
super important for global carbon storage
what are coccoliths
they are plates of calcium carbonate
outline green algae (4)
green becuase they contain abundant chlorophyll a and b that are not concealed by coloured accessory pigments
appear to monophyletic group
range of body types
primarily aquatic and also found in terrestrial environments
outline brown algae
diverse group including phytoplankto, periphyton and macroalgae
range in structure and size
most well known as phaeophyceans
brown due to presence of pigment fucoxanthin
exhibit complex organ, tissue and cellular specialisation
giant kelp forests major sequesters of carbon
what is seaweed?
generic term which is used to describe algae which are: macroscopic multicellular red,green or brown algae usually attached to substrata
where do you find macroalgae
typically found in intertidal and subtidal zones
what does the thallus refer to
the whole organism (algae)
what is the function of the holdfast
anchors the algae to the benthos
what is the function of the stipe
connects the blade to the holdfast
usually very strong
what is the function of bladders
gas filled and keep the thallus upright when immersed
what is the function of receptacles
sex organs on large brown algae
name 4 four challenges to plants survival on land
desiccation water and mineral supply/transport structural/mechanical support fertilisation dispersal
name the 3 classes of bryophytes
mosses
liverworts
hornworts
outline 3 features of bryophytes
gametophyte dominant can reproduce sexually and asexually no internal conducting system rely on surface water and capillary action primitive root like structures
outline tracheophytes
contain vascular tissue that transport material
(xylem and phloem)
and have true roots stems and leaves
what kind of cells are xylem made from and what does it transport
made from dead tube-shaped cells
transports water and minerals
what kind of cells are phloem made from and what does it transport
living tissue
cells arranged into tubes
distribute sugars, amino acids and other organic products
name 3 classes of pteridophytes
ferns
horsetails
club mosses
name 2 two features of pteridophytes
have a vascular system
are sporophyte dominant
produce spores
can produce male and female spores
