Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chem > organismal biology > Flashcards

organismal biology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Periodic Table flashcards
1
Q

Plants evolved from what color algae?

A

green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how many known plant species are there?

A

at least 375,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do plants do for the planet?

A

supply oxygen, food and habitat for all other terrestrial organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the closest relatives of land plants

A

charophytes (green algae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

morphological traits that land plants share with charophytes

A

cellulose-synthesizing membrane proteins arranged in rings, structure of flagellated sperm, and formation of phragmoplast during cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

plants move to land provided benefits such as:

A

unfiltered sunlight, plentiful CO2, nutrient rich soil, and few herbivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

challenges that plants had moving to land

A

scarcity of water and no structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

a polymer that prevents zygotes from drying out

A

sporopollenin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

coats charophytes

A

sporopollenin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

found in plant spore walls

A

sporopollenin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

traits that are in land plants but arent in charophytes

A

multicellular,dependent embryo; walled spores produced in sporangia, and apical meristems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

two multicellular stages that plants alternate between

A

gametophyte and sporophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

produces haploid gametes by mitosis

A

gametophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

produces haploid spores by meiosis

A

sporophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

fusion of gametes given rise to the diploid

A

sporophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through what

A

placental transfer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why are land plants called Embryophytes?

A

the dependency of the embryo on the parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

sporophyte produces spores in multicellular organs called what

A

sporangia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

localized regions of cell division at the tips of the roots and shoots

A

apical meristems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what makes plants resistant to harsh environments

A

sporopollenin in spore walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when do plant spores first appear in the fossil record

A

470 million years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by

A

gametophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bryophytes are represented by what three phyla

A

phylum Hepatophyta, Bryophyta, and Anthocerophyta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what phylum is liverworts in?

A

phylum Hepatophyta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what phylum is mosses in?

A

Phylum Bryophyta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what phylum is hornworts in?

A

phylum Anthrocerophyta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what group of bryophytes is larger and longer living than sporophytes

A

gametophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

are typically present only part of the time and are dependent on the gametophytes

A

sporophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

are named for their “liver-shaped” gametophytes

A

liverworts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

long and tapered “horn” shaped structure

A

sporophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

grow horizontally and have multiple sporophytes attached

A

gametophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

organs that anchor vascular plants into ground and absorb water and nutrients from soil

A

roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

closely resemble stem tissue of early vascular plants

A

root tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

may have evolved from below-ground stems

A

roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

increase surface area for light capture and conduct most of the photosynthesis in plants

A

leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

two types of leaves

A

microphylls and megaphylls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

small, often spine-shaped leaves with a single vein, are found in all other plant groups

A

microphylls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

larger leaves with a highly branched vascular system, are found in all other plant groups

A

megaphylls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

two clades of seedless vascular plants

A

lycophytes and monilophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

club mosses, spike mossed, and quillworts

A

lycophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives

A

monilophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

formed during the Devonian and carboniferous periods

A

forests of lycophytes,horsetails, and ferns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

resulted from the subsequent drop in atmospheric CO2

A

global cooling and widespread glaciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

decay was slow in what swamp

A

Carboniferous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

undecided organic material slowly turned into what

A

coal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

the first plants to grow tall

A

ferns and other seedless vascular plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

the dominant vegetation for the first 100 million years of plant evolution

A

bryophytes and similar plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

began to diversify during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods

A

vascular plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what allowed plants to grow tall

A

vascular tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

early vascular plants had what

A

branching sporophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

live independently of the gametophyte

A

vascular plant sporophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

living vascular plants are characterized by

A

life cycles with dominant sporophytes, transport in vascular tissues called xylem and phloem, well-developed roots and leaves, spore-bearing leaves called sporophylls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

two types of vascular tissue in vascular plants

A

xylem and phoem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

conducts most of the water and minerals and has tracheids

A

xylem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

tube-shaped cells

A

tracheids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what cells are dead at functional maturity and are lignified

A

xylem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Changed the course of plant evolution, enabling their
bearers to become the dominant producers in most terrestrial ecosystems

A

seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

originated about 360 million years ago

A

seed plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a
protective coat

A

seed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

are key adaptations for life on land

A

seeds and pollen grains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

have reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, and pollen

A

seed plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

help plants cope with drought and exposure
to ultraviolet (UV) radiation

A

reduced gametophytes,heterospory, ovules, and pollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

is not required for fertilization in seed plants

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Seed plant life cycles are

A

sporophyte-dominated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

are microscopic and dependent

A

gametophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

develop within the walls of spores that are retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte

A

the gametophytes of seed plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

are seed plants heterosporous or homosporous?

A

heterosporous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

produce megaspores that give rise to female
gametophytes

A

megasporangia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

produce microspores that give rise to male
gametophytes

A

microsporangia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

consists of a megaspore within a megasporangium

A

ovule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

an ovule is surrounded by one or more protective coats called

A

integuments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

typically have one integument

A

gymnosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

typically have two integuments

A

angiosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

develops into a male gametophyte enclosed
within the pollen wall

A

microspore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

pollen wall

A

pollen grain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant
containing the ovules

A

pollination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

can be transferred long distances by wind or animals,
eliminating the reliance on water for sperm transfer

A

pollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

are multicellular

A

seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

are single cells

A

spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

can remain dormant for years until conditions are
favorable for germination

A

seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

are shorter lived

A

spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

have stored food to nourish growing seedlings

A

seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

do not provide nourishment to gametophytes

A

spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

can be transported longer distances by wind or animals

A

seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

usually drop closer to the parent plant

A

spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

bear “naked” seeds, typically on cones

A

gymnosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

bear seeds exposed on sporophylls that usually
form cones

A

gymnosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Most gymnosperms are cone-bearing plants called

A

conifers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

has 350 living species and large cones and palm like leaves and have flagellated sperm

A

cycads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

thrived during the Mesozoic, but today are the most endangered of all plant groups

A

cycads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

is the only living species in this group

A

Ginkgo biloba

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

have flagellated sperms and are mostly in cities because they tolerate air pollution well and Fleshy seeds produced by female trees smell rancid as they decay

A

Ginkgo biloba

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Welwitschia, Gnetum, Ephedra

A

Phylum Gnetophyta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

longleaf pine

A

pinus palustris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

common juniper, douglas fir, wollemi pine, bristlecone pine, sequoia, european larch

A

phylum coniferophyta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

the reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include

A

flowers and fruits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

are seed plants with reproductive structures called
flowers and fruits

A

angiosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

are the most diverse and widespread lineage of plants

A

flowers and fruits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

most recently evolved; 130 – 140 mya (Cretaceous)
dominant group of land plants
tremendous morphological and ecological diversity

A

angiosperms (flowering plants)

100
Q

The flower is an angiosperm adaptation specialized for

A

sexual reproduction

101
Q

transfer pollen from one flower to another

A

insects or other animals

102
Q

A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves called

A

floral organs

103
Q

are usually green and enclose the flower bud

A

sepals

104
Q

are often brightly colored or scented to attract
pollinators; (wind-pollinated flowers are not)

A

petals

105
Q

are microsporophylls, male reproductive organs

A

stamens

106
Q

are megasporophylls, female reproductive organs

A

carpels

107
Q

protect seeds and aid in their dispersal

A

fruits

108
Q

function like parachutes for wind
dispersal

A

dandelions

109
Q

are adapted to float in seawater

A

coconuts

110
Q

cling to animal fur

A

Fruits modified as burrs

111
Q

are eaten by animals and dispersed in their droppings

A

sweet tasting, vividly colored fruits

112
Q

Various adaptations of fruits and seeds help to what

A

disperse seeds

113
Q

The flower of the sporophyte is composed of

A

both male and female structures

114
Q

Male gametophytes are contained within pollen grains produced by

A

the microsporangia of anthers

115
Q

develops within an ovule contained within an ovary at the base of the carpel

A

embryo sac (female gametophyte)

116
Q

The ovule is entered by a pore called the

A

micropyle

117
Q

occurs when the pollen tube releases two sperm nuclei into the female gametophyte within an ovule

A

double fertilization

118
Q

appear suddenly and widely in the fossil record from about 100 million years ago

A

angiosperms

119
Q

nourishes the developing embryo in the angiosperm life cycle

A

triploid endosperm tissue

120
Q

diverged from the lineage leading to angiosperms about 305 million years ago

A

extant gymnosperms

121
Q

Hordeum vulgare

A

barley

122
Q

paphiopedilum callosum

A

orchid

123
Q

phoenix roebelenii

A

pygmy date palm

124
Q

magnolia grandiflora

A

southern magnolia

125
Q

includes animals, fungi, and related lineages

A

opisthokonts

126
Q

the ancestor of fungi was a _____, ________, and _____ organism

A

aquatic, unicellular, flagellated

127
Q

animals and fungi diverged when

A

more than a billion years ago

128
Q

fungi likely originated where

A

aquatic habitats

129
Q

fungi may have colonized land as early as

A

505 million years ago

130
Q

fungi are ________ that feed by ______

A

heterotrophs, absorption

131
Q

what key trait do all fungi share?

A

the way in which they derive nutrition

132
Q

how do fungi absorb nutrients?

A

from outside of their body

133
Q

what do fungi use to break down a wide variety of complex molecules into smaller organic compounds

A

hydrolytic enzymes

134
Q

the versatility of hydrolytic enzymes contribute to fungis what?

A

ecological success

135
Q

what diverse lifestyle and ecosystem roles do fungi exhibit?

A

decomposers, parasites, mutualists

136
Q

the most common fungal forms are what

A

multicellular filaments and single cells (yeasts)

137
Q

most fungi only exist as

A

filaments

138
Q

fungi produce spores through what

A

sexual and asexual life cycles

139
Q

fungi propagate themselves by

A

producing vast numbers of spores

140
Q

spores are carried long distances by

A

wind or water

141
Q

fungal nuclei are _________; with the exception of _____________ formed during the sexual life cycle

A

normally haploid, transient diploid stages

142
Q

sexual reproduction requires the fusion of

A

hyphae from different mating types

143
Q

signalling molecules fungi use to communicate their mating type

A

pheromones

144
Q

the union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia

A

plasmogamy

145
Q

the part of the mycelium that haploid nuclei coexist because they dont fuse right away

A

heterokaryon

146
Q

haploid nuclei of each type pair off two to a cell, the mycelium is called

A

dikaryotic

147
Q

nuclear fusion producing diploid cells

A

karyogamy

148
Q

the diploid phase is short-lives and undergoes ________, producing ______

A

meiosis, haploid spores

149
Q

the paired processes of karyogamy and meiosis produce

A

genetic variation

150
Q

fungi have radiated into a diverse set of

A

lineages

151
Q

have clarified evolutionary relationships among fungal lineages

A

molecular analyses

152
Q

have led to the discovery of entirely new groups and previously unknown diversity

A

metagenomic studies

153
Q

how many known species of fungi are there

A

145,000

154
Q

what is the estimate of the actual number of species of fungi

A

between 2.2 and 3.8 million

155
Q

form a sister group and are a basal fungal lineage

A

cryptomycetes and microsporidians

156
Q

are unicellular and have flagellated spores

A

cryptomycetes

157
Q

where are cryptomycetes found?

A

globally in soils, and marine and freshwater habitats

158
Q

is cryptomycetes aerobic or anaerobic?

A

both

159
Q

have very small genomes and tiny organelles derived from mitochondria

A

microsporidians

160
Q

how do microsporidians produce spores

A

they produce spores that infect host cells via a harpoon-like organelle

161
Q

what kind of parasites are microsporidians

A

unicellular parasites of protists and animals, including humans

162
Q

include species that function as decomposers, parasites, and mutualists

A

chytrids

163
Q

what are chytrids flagellated spores called

A

zoospores

164
Q

where are chytrids found?

A

lakes, soils, and marine habitats including hydrothermal vents

165
Q

live as parasites or commensal symbionts of animals or as parasites of other fungi

A

zoopagomycetes

166
Q

how do zoopagomycetes reproduce

A

asexually via non flagellated spores

167
Q

species that reproduce sexually form a durable structure called

A

zygosporangium

168
Q

zygosporangium houses and protects what

A

the zygote

169
Q

molds in this group include important decomposers

A

mucormycetes

170
Q

live as parasites, pathogens, or mutualists with plants

A

mucormycetes

171
Q

about 90,000 known species

A

ascomycetes

172
Q

live in a variety of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats

A

ascomycetes

173
Q

vary widely in size and complexity from unicellular yeasts to elaborate cup fungi and morels

A

ascomycetes

174
Q

ascomycetes are often called

A

sac fungi

175
Q

named for the saclike asci, in which spores are produced

A

sac fungi

176
Q

during the sexual stage, ascomycetes produce fruiting bodies called

A

ascocarps

177
Q

more than 25% of all ascomycete species form

A

lichens

178
Q

symbiotic associations with green algae or cyanobacteria

A

lichens

179
Q

live within plant leaves and produce compounds toxic to insects

A

ascomycetes

180
Q

are about 50,000 known species including mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi

A

basidiomycetes

180
Q

the cell in which karyogamy and meiosis occur

A

basidium

181
Q

the club-like shape of the basidium gives rise to the common name

A

club fungus

182
Q

basidiomycetes are destructive plant parasites called

A

rusts and smuts

183
Q

multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers

A

animals

184
Q

unlike plants, who produce their own organic molecules, animals

A

eat living or nonliving organisms

185
Q

unlike fungi, which digest food externally and then absorb nutrients, animals

A

ingest food and then digest it internally

186
Q

are supported by structural proteins such as collagen, rather than cell walls

A

animal cells

187
Q

are unique, defining characteristics of animals

A

nervous tissue and muscle tissues

188
Q

are groups of cells that have a common structure, function, or both

A

tissues

189
Q

in animal reproduction, what is the dominating life cycle

A

diploid stage

190
Q

are produced directly by meiotic division in animals

A

gametes

191
Q

after fertilization, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division called

A

cleavage

192
Q

cleavage leads to formation of a multicellular, hollow

A

blastula

193
Q

forming different layers of embryonic tissues

A

gastrulation

194
Q
A
195
Q

blastula undergoes

A

gastulation

195
Q

have at least one larval stage

A

animals

195
Q

is sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult

A

larva

195
Q

larva eventually undergoes

A

metamorphosis

196
Q

have Hox genes that regulate the development of body form

A

most animals and only animals

196
Q

they can produce a wide diversity of animal morphology

A

Hox family of genes

196
Q

spans more than half a billion years

A

history of animals

197
Q

includes a great diversity of living species and an even greater number of extinct ones

A

the animal kingdom

198
Q

the eukaryotic lineage that is closest to animals

A

choanoflagellates

199
Q

the first generally accepted macroscopic animal fossils date from when

A

about 560 million years ago

200
Q

the first generally accepted macroscopic animal fossils were found

A

Ediacara Hills of Australia

201
Q

marks a period of rapid animal diversification and the appearance of many major groups of living animals

A

Cambrian explosion

202
Q

several hypotheses regarding the cause of the Cambrian explosion

A

new predator-prey dynamics
a rise in atmospheric oxygen
evolution of the Hox gene complex

203
Q

animal diversity continued to increase throughout the Paleozoic era, but was punctuated by several what

A

mass extinctions

204
Q

animals began to make an impact on land by

A

450 million years ago

205
Q

made the transition to land around 365 mya

A

vertebrates

206
Q

animals can be characterized by

A

body plans

207
Q

sets of morphological and developmental traits

A

body plans

208
Q

symmetry

A
209
Q

are basal animals that lack tissues

A

sponges

210
Q

are sessile, filter feeders that lack true
tissues and are among the simplest animal

A

sponges

211
Q

what is the name of animals that capture food particles suspended in the water and pass through their body

A

suspension feeders

212
Q

are suspension feeders

A

sponges

213
Q

Water that is drawn through pores into a cavity in a sponge is called

A

spongocoel

214
Q

water goes out of the sponge through an opening called

A

osculum

215
Q

even though sponges lacking this they are highly organized

A

true tissues and organs

216
Q

different cell types a sponge can have

A

choanocytes and amoebocytes

217
Q

flagellated collar cells, generate a water current and ingest food particles by phagocytosis

A

choanocytes

218
Q

how many cell layers do sponges consist of

A

two

219
Q

the cell layers are separated by a gelatinous region called

A

mesohyl

220
Q

are totipotent cells within the mesohyl that digest food,transport nutrients, and make skeletal fibers

A

amoebocytes

221
Q

each individual functions as both male
and female

A

hermaphrodite

222
Q

are sponges hermaphrodites?

A

yes

223
Q

is a basal group of multicellular animals, probably sister to Cnidarians or all other Eumetazoa

A

Placozoa

224
Q

They are very flat organisms commonly less than 4 mm in diameter, lacking any organs or internal structures. A total of 4 species have been described, the last 3 only since 2018

A

Placozoa

225
Q

are an ancient phylum of eumetazoans

A

Cnidarians

226
Q

animals with true tissues

A

eumetazoans

227
Q

represent one of the oldest, earliest
branching lineages in this clade

A

Cnidarians

228
Q

Cnidaria have diversified into a wide range of both sessile and motile forms including

A

corals, hydras, and jellies

229
Q

The basic body plan of a cnidarian is a sac with a central digestive compartment called

A

gastrovascular cavity

230
Q

adhere to the substrate by the aboral end of the body (the end opposite the mouth

A

polyps

231
Q

is a free-swimming form that has a bell-shaped body with the mouth on the underside

A

medusa

232
Q

two variations on the body plan in cnidarians

A

the sessile polyp and motile medusa

233
Q

Cnidarians are predators that use what to capture and consume prey

A

tentacles

234
Q

unique cells used in defense and prey capture on tentacles

A

cnidocytes

235
Q

are specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread

A

nematocysts

236
Q

Extant Cnidaria fall into what two major clades

A

Medusozoa and Anthozoa

237
Q

include all cnidarians that produce
a medusa

A

Medusozoa

238
Q

Scyphozoans (jellies), Cubozoans (box jellies), and Hydrozoans are part of what clade

A

Medusozoa

239
Q

what clade includes sea anemones and corals and can only occur as polyps

A

Anthozoa

240
Q
A

Chem (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions