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Human Molecular Biology > Organisation of the Human Genome > Flashcards

Organisation of the Human Genome Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The amount of DNA contained within a haploid nucleus or one half the amount in a diploid somatic cell of a eukaryotic organism is referred to as

A

the c value

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2
Q

what is the c value measured in

A

picograms or kilobases

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3
Q

what does the c value equate to in humans

A

3.2 x 10^9 bases or 6.55 picograms

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4
Q

what is the genome defined as

A

the complete dna sequence of an organism

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5
Q

what is the expectation of the c value

A

proportional to the genetic complexity (number of genes) of an organism

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6
Q

the number of genes in bacterial and archaeal genomes correlates with

A

the genome size and the complexity of the organism

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7
Q

does the number of genes in a eukaryote correlate with the genome size or the complexity of the organism

A

nope

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8
Q

what is the c value paradox

A

the lack of relationship between the dna content (c-value) of an organism and its coding potential

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9
Q

what percentage of the human genome consists of introns

A

24%

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10
Q

what percentage of the human genome consists of exons - protein coding sequences

A

1.2%

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11
Q

8.5% of the human genome is made of

A

protein binding sequences

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12
Q

on heating DNA what happens to it and what is this called

A

the strands separate and this is called DNA melting

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13
Q

melting involves what to happen to the DNA

A

progressive breaking of base pairs in the double helix

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14
Q

the melting temperature is determined by what?

A

the base composition of the DNA

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15
Q

which base pairs melt at a lower temperature

A

A:T base pairs melt at lower temperatures than G:C

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16
Q

the temp at which DNA is half unfolded is referred to as

A

the melting temperature Tm

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17
Q

the higher the G:C ratio the higher the

A

Tm

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18
Q

DNA melting can be followed in a

A

spectrophotometer

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19
Q

at what temperature is the chance in absorbance measured at in a dna melting curve

A

260nm

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20
Q

nucleotide bases absorb UV light at a wavelength of

A

260nm

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21
Q

if melted dna is rapidly cooled complementary strands remain

A

separated

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22
Q

if melted dna is slowly cooled then what will happen to the complementary strands

A

they will pair up again

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23
Q

what is the process of the strands pairing up again called

A

dna reannealing or renaturation

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24
Q

dna reannealing is the basis of which technique

A

dna hybridisation

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25
Q

what four factors is the rate of dna reannealing measured by

A

concentration, length, composition and complexity

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26
Q

the extent of dna reannealing is governed by

A

time

27
Q

dna reannealing is measured by a

A

c0t value

28
Q

what is a c0t value and what units

A

concentration x time in mols per second

29
Q

the lower the c0t value the

A

less complex

30
Q

dna reanealling experiments show that prokaryotic genomes are

A

kinetically simple

31
Q

prokaryotic dna reanneals as if it were a

A

single unique length of dna with no sequence repeats

32
Q

dna reannealing experiments show that eukaryotic genomes are

A

kinetically complex

33
Q

eukaryotic genomes contain

A

several classes of dna

34
Q

the fast component in c0t curve is

A

highly repeated dna sequences

35
Q

the intermediate component of a c0t curve is

A

moderately repeated dna sequences

36
Q

the slow component of a c0t curve is

A

non-repetitive or single copy dna sequneces

37
Q

highly repetitive dna is present in almost all

A

higher eukaryotic genomes

38
Q

what c0t range does highly repetitive dna have

A

low c0t range 10-4 to 10-2

39
Q

highly repetitive dna doesnt have coding function, what does it do instead?

A

provide a structural function

40
Q

repeats arranged head to tail in blocks of various lengths are called

A

tandem arrays

41
Q

repeated regions interspersed within the chromosome are called

A

interspersed regions

42
Q

what is the longest tandem array known

A

human alphoid dna

43
Q

major classes of tandemly repeatedly human dna are classified according to size into which three classes

A

satellite, minisatellite and microsatellite

44
Q

most random sequence dna has a similar buoyant density and forms part of the

A

main band

45
Q

if one short sequence is repeated many times in a tandem array, it forms what in the equilibrium densitry centrifugation experiment

A

satellite DNA band

46
Q

which two ways allow expansion of tandemly repeated human dna?

A

unequal crossing over and replication slippage

47
Q

what does unequal crossing over result in

A

one recombinant with a deletion of material and one with a duplication

48
Q

what does a replication slippage result in

A

each slippage adds one repeating unit to the daughter strand

49
Q

where are microsatellites found

A

widely disperesed over the chromosome

50
Q

where are minisatellites found

A

telomere

51
Q

tandem repeats of which sequence minisatellite are found at the telomeres

A

TTAGGG

52
Q

the centromere contains

A

various satellite components

53
Q

structural intermediate repetitive DNA contains diff classes, these are

A

retrovirus/LTR retrotransposons, LINEs and SINES and then we have coding DNA

54
Q

The LINE1 element has two open reading frames which are

A

ORF1 and ORF2

55
Q

ORF1 encodes what

A

a rna binding protein

56
Q

ORF2 encodes

A

a protein with both endonuclease and reverse transcriptase activities

57
Q

Lines have a RNA mediated

A

transposition event

58
Q

what does a retrovirus encode for

A

integrase and reverse transcriptase activities

59
Q

retrovirus is a rna mediated

A

transposition event

60
Q

give an example of a sines

A

alu repeat

61
Q

infromational intermediate repetitive dna exists and contains genes for

A

histones, collagen, keratins, rRNA, tRNA

62
Q

slow annealing dna is

A

unique

63
Q

protein coding dna makes

A

mRNA

Human Molecular Biology (4 decks)

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