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Biosci107 first half > Organisation of the Human Body > Flashcards

Organisation of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 levels of structural organisation?

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

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2
Q

What is the chemical level?

A

The building blocks of the body. the chemical level consists of atoms and molecules (which are the combination of molecules,

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3
Q

What is the cellular level?

A

Basic structural and functional units of the body (approximately 200 types)

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4
Q

What is the tissue level?

A

Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function.

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5
Q

What are the four major types of tissue?

A

epithelial, nervous, connective and muscle

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6
Q

What is the organ level?

A

Organs are structures with specific functions composed of two or more types of tissue, to perform a specific function and have recognisable shapes

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7
Q

What is the system level?

A

A system consists of related organs with a common function

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8
Q

What is the organismal level?

A

Refers to all parts of the body functioning together to constitute a living organism.

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9
Q

In relation to heart what are the 6 levels of structural organisation?

A 
chemical = atoms and molecules
cellular = cardiac muscle cells
tissue = cardiac muscle 
organ = heart
system = cardiovascular
organismal = the individual
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10
Q

The human body has eleven systems, what are they?

A

Integumentary, cardiovascular, muscular, respiratory, skeletal, digestive, nervous, urinary, endocrine, reproductive, Lymphatic and immune.

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11
Q

Can some organs belong to numerous systems? if so give an example and what systems they belong to?

A

yes, pancreas, endocrine and digestives systems.

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12
Q

Where is vitamin D made?

A

epidermis

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13
Q

What are the atoms are essential in maintaining life and is part of the chemical level?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and sulphur.

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14
Q

What are some molecules which are part of the chemical level and are essential?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, Glucose.

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15
Q

Describe Epithelial tissue

A

Epithelial tissues covers the body’s surfaces as well as lines organs and cavities which are hollow, forming glands.

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16
Q

Describe Connective tissue

A

Distributes blood vessels to other tissues while connecting, supporting and protecting the body’s organs.

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17
Q

Describe Muscular Tissue

A

contracts to make the body parts move and generate heat.

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18
Q

In relation to stomach what are the 6 levels of structural organisation?

A 
chemical = atoms and molecules (dna)
cellular = smooth muscle cells
tissue = smooth muscle tissue
organ = stomach
system = digestive system
Organismal = individual
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19
Q

Describe Nervous Tissue

A

carries information throughout the body through nerve impulses.

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20
Q

What are the organs associated with the Integumentary system?

A

Skin, hair follicles, fingernails, toenails, sensory receptors, exocrine glands

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21
Q

What are within the cutaneous membrane (skin) organ for the integumentary system?

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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22
Q

What are within the hair follicles organ for the integumentary system?

A

Hairs, sebaceous glands

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23
Q

What does the Epidermis in the integumentary system do?

A

protects by covering the surface of the body, protects deeper tissues and vitamin D production

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24
Q

What does the dermis do in the integumentary system?

A

feeds the epidermis, strength and glands.

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25
Q

What does the hair follicles in the integumentary system do?

A

Provides sensations from innervation (such as pain)

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26
Q

What is the roles of hairs in the integumentary system?

A

Provides protection to the scalp

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27
Q

What does the Sebaceous glands do in the integumentary system?

A

It lubricates the hair shaft and epidermis and removes waste collected.

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28
Q

Sweat glands do what in the integumentary system?

A

Aids in thermoregulation by using sweat to cool the body

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29
Q

What kind of modified gland is breast tissue?

A

modified sweat gland

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30
Q

What does the finger/toe nails do in the integumentary system?

A

stiffen and protects the digits.

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31
Q

What is the function of the integumentary system?

A

to act as a barrier to protect the body, to retain body fluids, protect against diseases, eliminate waste products and regulate body temperature.

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32
Q

what is function of sensory receptors in the integumentary system?

A

to detect sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature and pain

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33
Q

What is the use of the Hypodermis in the integumentary system?

A

stores fat and attaches skin to deeper levels.

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34
Q

What are the two types of exocrine gland within the integumentary system?

A

sebaceous and sweat glands

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35
Q

What does the epidermis consist of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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36
Q

What are the two layers that the dermis consists of?

A

Papillary layer and Reticular layer

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37
Q

What type of tissue does the papillary layer consist of?

A

areolar tissue

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38
Q

What type of tissue does the Reticular layer consist of?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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39
Q

What is the main functions of the muscular system?

A

Movement, maintaining posture, protecting soft tissue and producing heat

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40
Q

what are the organ structures in the muscular system?

A

skeletal muscles, axial muscles, appendicular muscles, tendons and aponeuroses.

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41
Q

what does the skeletal muscles in the muscular system do?

A

it provides skeletal movement, controls entrances and exits to digestive, respiratory and urinary systems. it also produces heat, supports the skeleton and protects the soft tissue.

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42
Q

How does the skeletal muscles in the muscular system produce heat

A

by shivering - disordered movement which creates heat

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43
Q

In the muscular system, there is Axial muscles what function does it have?

A

provides support and positioning of the axial skeleton

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44
Q

Appendicular muscles have what purpose in the muscular system?

A

Supports and move and brace limbs

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45
Q

What do Tendons and Aponeuroses do in the muscular system?

A

When muscle cells contract (contractile forces are applied) applies that force/ pulls on the muscle or bone attached to them to move

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46
Q

What are tendons? give an example of a tendon.

A

Tendons are muscle to bone connections, Achilles tendon

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47
Q

What aponeuroses? give example.

A

most often it is muscle to muscle connections. Similar to six pack.

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48
Q

What is the primary functions of the Skeletal system?

A

supports and protects the body, provides surface area for muscle attachment, aids in movement, has cells which produce blood cells, stores minerals and lipids (fats)

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49
Q

What two skeletons are part of the skeletal system?

A

Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton.

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50
Q

What parts of the skeleton is part of the Axial Skeleton ?

A

the skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilages and ligaments)

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51
Q

What parts of the skeleton is part of the Appendicular Skeleton ?

A

Limbs and supporting bones and ligaments

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52
Q

what are the organ structures in the Skeletal system?

A

bones, cartilage, joints, axial and appendicular skeleton, bone (bone marrow)

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53
Q

What is the purpose of Cartilage in the skeletal system?

A

to connect bones together and to reduce pressure built up

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54
Q

What are the two types of Cartilage in the skeletal system?

A

Hyaline - cartilage in ribs

Fibro- - cartilage in discs

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55
Q

What is the purpose of the axial skeleton in the skeletal system?

A

It protects the brain, spinal cord, sense organs and soft tissues of the thorax. it also supports body weight over lower limbs.

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56
Q

What is the purpose of the appendicular skeleton in the skeletal system?

A

Provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs, it also supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton

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57
Q

What is the main function of bone in the skeletal system

A

to store minerals

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58
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow?

A

red and yellow

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59
Q

What occurs in the red bone marrow?

A

red blood cell production (found within the flat bones - pelvis sternum, skull, ribs)

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60
Q

What happens to the red and yellow bone marrow with age?

A

some red bone marrow is lost with aging

Yellow bone marrow is gained with aging

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61
Q

What occurs in the yellow bone marrow?

A

it stores fat cells (energy storage) (found within medullary cavity of long bones)

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62
Q

What causes yellow bone marrow to turn red?

A

major bleeding or when the body requires more red blood cells production

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63
Q

What is the main functions of the nervous system?

A

produced nerve impulses to regulate body activities, detects and interprets changes in the bodies internal and external environment and responds to those changes by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

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64
Q

What organ systems are part of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) (Brain, Spinal cord) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and sense organs such as eyes and ears.

65
Q

What are the two main types of Nervous systems in the body?

A

Central Nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

66
Q

What is the primary function of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in the Nervous System?

A

acts as the control centre, has short term control over other systems.

67
Q

The brain is an organ structure for the Nervous system, what is its primary functions?

A

performs complex integrative activities and controls voluntary and involuntary actions

68
Q

What is the primary function of the spinal cord in the nervous system?

A

relays information to and from the brain, it also performs less complex integrative activities (reflex arc)

69
Q

What is the reflex arc in the nervous system?

A

It is the neural pathway that controls a reflex mediated in the spinal cord, whereby it recognises the sensation and reacts.

70
Q

What are main functions of the Special sensory organs in the nervous system?

A

provides sensory input to the brain relating to sight, hearing, smell, taste and equilibrium

71
Q

What role does the peripheral Nervous System (PNS) play in the Nervous system?

A

The PNS links the CNS with other systems and sense organs in the body.

72
Q

what does the Megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow make and what is it important for?

A

Makes platelets in our blood which is important in relation to clotting

73
Q

What is the purpose of Haematopoietic cells in the red bone marrow?

A

These are the cells which turn into the red blood cells.

74
Q

What are the large white openings in the histology lab for red bone marrow?

A

could be caused by the processing where the fat cells were or where it’s been pulled away from the bone.

75
Q

What are the smaller white openings in the histology lab for red bone marrow?

A

Where the fat cells were.

76
Q

What is nervous systems are the special senses part of?

A

considered part of both the CNS and PNS. However Optic nerve is just part of the CNS

77
Q

What is the primary functions of the Endocrine System?

A

releases hormones to regulate body activities, (done by chemical messengers transported in blood from the endocrine gland or tissue to target organ). also directs long term changes in the other organ systems.

78
Q

What Organ structures are part of the Endocrine system?

A

Hormone producing glands which include; pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas and Gonads (ovaries and testes). as well as Kidneys as it has major hormone producing cells.

79
Q

What is the Pineal glands primary function in the endocrine system?

A

Day night rhythms (biological clock)

80
Q

What role does the Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland act in the Endocrine system?

A

controls many other endocrine glands, as wells as regulates growth and fluid balance.

81
Q

What gland in the endocrine system controls the metabolic rate and calcium levels?

A

Thyroid gland

82
Q

What gland in the endocrine system controls only the calcium levels?

A

Parathyroid gland

83
Q

What part of the endocrine system causes the maturation of lymphocytes when younger? and how do they appear in children and in adults?

A

Thymus. Small and barely noticeable in adults but is bigger in children.

84
Q

What roles does the Adrenal gland play in the Endocrine system?

A

The balance of water and minerals, tissue metabolism, as well as cardio and respiratory functions by releasing hormones to aid.

85
Q

What is an example of a hormone the Adrenal gland in the endocrine system releases in response to water and mineral imbalance?

A

Aldosterone

86
Q

What is the hormone released by the adrenal gland in the endocrine system in response to tissue metabolism?

A

cortisol

87
Q

The Adrenal gland in the endocrine system releases Adrenaline in response to what?

A

Cardio and respiratory functions, and fight or flight response

88
Q

What role does the kidneys hold in the endocrine system?

A

it is involved in the red blood cell production, in keeping blood pressure up and calcium levels.

89
Q

The pancreas in the endocrine system aid in the control of what and where in the pancreas?

A

Glucose level control in the islets of langerhans which is a collection of different cells which produce a range of hormones. Glucose homeostasis

90
Q

What part does the gonads (ovaries and testes) hold in the endocrine system?

A

Sexual characteristics and reproduction

91
Q

Where in the body does the Posterior Pituitary release the ADH hormone?

A

Kidney Tubules

92
Q

Where in the body does the Posterior Pituitary release the oxytocin hormone?

A

smooth muscles in uterus

93
Q

Where in the body does the Anterior Pituitary release the Gonadotropins (FSH, LH) hormone?

A

Ovaries and testes

94
Q

Where in the body does the Anterior Pituitary release the Prolactin hormone?

A

Mammary glands

95
Q

Where in the body does the Anterior Pituitary release the TSH hormone?

A

Thyroid gland

96
Q

Where in the body does the Anterior Pituitary release/secreted the Growth Hormone (GH)?

A

Bone and muscles

97
Q

Where in the body does the Anterior Pituitary release the ACTH hormone?

A

Adrenal cortex

98
Q

Name one of the tissues that the Growth hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland acts on? and what other hormone within that organ is produced.

A

the liver, IGF or Insulin-like growth hormone is produced

99
Q

What is the state called when you have too much growth hormone (GH) from childhood?

A

Gigantism

100
Q

What is the state called when you have too much growth hormone (GH) as an adult?

A

Acromegaly

101
Q

What is the main purpose of the Lymphatic System and Immunity?

A

Defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to the blood stream and transportation of lipids, proteins and lymphoid cells.

102
Q

What are the main organ structures involved in the Lymphatic system and Immunity?

A

Lymphatic vessels, lymphatic fluid, B-cells and T-cells, Lymph nodes (including tonsils), Spleen, Thymus

103
Q

What is the purpose of the lymphatic vessels in the Lymphatic system and immnity?

A

to carry lymph fluid and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of the cardiovascular system.

104
Q

What does the Lymph fluid contain?

A

water and proteins

105
Q

What is the main function of the lymphatic fluid in the lymphatic system and immunity?

A

To carry lipid (fat and fatty acids) from the gut

106
Q

What cells in the Lymphatic system and immunity carry out the immune responese?

A

B-cells and T-cells

107
Q

What is the relationship between Lymphatic vessels, Lymphatic fluid, B-cells and T-cells and Lymph nodes in the Lymphatic system and immunity?

A

Lymphatic fluid courses through the Lymphatic vessels.
B-cells and T-cells are found within the Lymphatic fluid.
Lymphatic fluid passes through Lymph nodes

108
Q

What is the purpose of the Lymph nodes (including tonsils) in the Lymphatic system and immunity?

A

Monitors composition of Lymph, acts in defense by engulfing pathogens and stimulating immune responses.

109
Q

Give an example of an immune response stimulated by the Lymph nodes in the lymphatic system and immunity?

A

Lymphadenopathy

110
Q

The spleen is part of the lymphatic system and immunity, what is its main function?

A

it monitors the circulation of blood cells, engulfs pathogens, recycles red blood cells, stimulates immune responses.

111
Q

What is the spleen in the lymphatic system compared to?

A

A large lymph node

112
Q

Thymus has what primary function in the Lymphatic system and Immunity?

A

It controls the development and maintenance of the T-cell Lymphocytes.

113
Q

What system also has the role of Fluid correction and describe this process.

A

The lymphatic system and immunity, blood travels through the arteries from the heart to the capillaries. Then some of the fluid goes out of the capillaries to nourish all the surround tissues. When the fluid which was released needs to reenter the circulatory system it does so through the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system collects the fluids and it passes through the lymph nodes and it reenters through to venus system so that the body stays in fluid balance.

114
Q

What happens if the lymphatic system does not properly do the process of fluid correction?

A

The fluid accumulates in the extra cellular space (spaces around the cells), this is called lymphedema.

115
Q

The lymphatic system also returns the fatty component of our diet, how is this done?

A

The fatty components in our food is picked up by chylomicrons (which a lymphatics in our gut). chylomicrons then take that fatty material and put it back into the circulatory system.

116
Q

The lymphphatatic system also has a surveillance role. What does this role entail?

A

it will detect an infection and will proceed to cause a discomfort or fullness in lymph nodes in response to it responding to the infection, the swelling causes discomfort.

117
Q

What is the main purposes of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transport of O2 and CO2, regulation of water content, temperature and transport of cells and dissolved materials including nutrients, wastes and gases.

118
Q

What are the main organ structures in the Cardiovascular System?

A

Heart, Blood and Blood vessels - Arteries, Capillaries and Veins

119
Q

What is the primary functions of the heart in the Cardiovascular system?

A

It propels the blood and maintains blood pressure in the body.

120
Q

Arteries, Capillaries and Veins are all Blood vessels in the Cardio vascular system, what are their primary functions?

A

They act as channels in the cardiovascular system.
Arteries are channels from the heart to the capillaries.
Capillaries allows diffusions between blood and interstitial fluids.
Veins are channels which return the blood from capillaries to the heart.

121
Q

What are the purposes of blood in the cardiovascular system?

A

transportation of Oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as nutrients and hormones. It removes waste and regulates temperature. Also acts as a defence against illness with the immune cells which are present in the blood. And makes sure there is acid base balance (-HCO3)

122
Q

What is the main purpose of the respiratory system?

A

Transfer of O2 and CO2 between blood and air, and delivers air to sites where gas exchanges occurs.

123
Q

What are the organ structures in the respiratory system?

A

Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

124
Q

What organ structure in the Respiratory system filters warm humidify air and detects smells?

A

The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

125
Q

What does the Pharynx do in the respiratory system?

A

leads air to Larynx

126
Q

The larynx is part of the respiratory system, what is its primary functions?

A

to protect the opening to the trachea. It also contains the vocal cords required for vocalisation

127
Q

Trachea has what role in the respiratory system?

A

It guides the air, the cartilage keeps it open.

128
Q

What is the primary functions of the Bronchi in the Respiratory system?

A

guides air between the trachea and lungs and to where the gas exchanges occur.

129
Q

What are the lungs primary functions in the respiratory system?

A

air movement, gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the Alveoli. As well as acid base control.

130
Q

What is purpose of the Digestive system?

A

To achieve physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid waste.

131
Q

What are the organ systems involved in the Digestive system?

A

Oral Cavity, Salivary Glands, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small Intestines, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Large Intestine and Anus

132
Q

What does the oral cavity do in the digestive system?

A

It breaks up the food with the use of teeth and tongue

133
Q

What organ structure within the digestive system buffers and lubricates and releases enzymes that begin digestion?

A

Salivary glands

134
Q

Pharynx does what role in the digestive system?

A

separates solid food and liquids to the oesophagus (the chamber is shared with respiratory.)

135
Q

What organ system in the digestive system delivers food to the stomach?

A

Oseophagus

136
Q

What are the primary functions of the stomach in the digestive system?

A

it secretes acid, enzymes and hormones

137
Q

what is the function of the small intestine in the digestive system?

A

Nutrients are absorbed, secretes digestive enzymes, buffers and hormones.

138
Q

What are the functions of the liver in the digestive system?

A

To produce bile which goes into the gallbladder, and regulates nutrients in blood

139
Q

What does the gallbladder do in the digestive system

?

A

It carries the concentration of bile. The gallbladder contracts and squirts out the bile into the intestinal lumen which helps breakdown the fat which helps it absorb further down the intestine.

140
Q

What are the primary functions of the pancreas in the digestive system?

A

Acts in its exocrine capacity, secretes digestive enzymes and buffers into the lumen of the small bowel to breakdown to food.

141
Q

Large intestine and anus have what primary function in the digestive system?

A

water removal, and waste storage.

142
Q

What is the main purpose of the urinary system?

A

Urine production, storage and elimination; regulation of blood volume; assist in production of blood cells.

143
Q

What are the organ structures in the Urinary system?

A

Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra.

144
Q

What are the main functions of the kidneys in the urinary system?

A

Forms and concentrates urine, regulates Ph and ions, Blood volume control and blood pressure and has an endocrine function where it assists in the production of blood cells and mineral balance.

145
Q

Ureters are part of the urinary system, what is its main function?

A

to lead the urine to bladder from the kidney

146
Q

What organ system in the urinary system stores urine prior to elimination?

A

Bladder

147
Q

What is the urethra’s function in the urinary system?

A

guides urine from the bladder outside

148
Q

What is this endocrine function of the kidneys in the urinary system?

A

The kidneys produces Erythropoietin. Erythropoietin is a hormone which acts on the blood making (making more red blood cells) capability of the bone marrow. More blood cells = carrying more oxygen = more energy.

149
Q

What is the purpose of the reproductive system?

A

Production of gametes, releasing hormones which regulate reproduction and other body processes.

150
Q

What are the organ systems in the male reproductive system?

A

Testes, Accessory organs - Epididymis, Ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland and urethra. External genitalia - penis and scrotum.

151
Q

What does the testes do in the Reproductive system?

A

Produces sperm and produces hormones. (also part of the endocrine system)

152
Q

What do the accessory organs - Epididymis, Ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland and urethra do in the reproductive system?

A

Epididymis causes maturation of sperm.
Ductus deferens holds the sperm from epididymis. Seminal glands holds seminal fluid. Prostate gland hold seminal fluid. and urethra releases sperm to exterior.

153
Q

What are the primary functions of the external genitalia - penis and scrotum

A

For reproduction purposes and thermal control of testes.

154
Q

What are the organ systems in the reproductive systems of females?

A

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina and external genitalia and mammary glands.

155
Q

What do the ovaries in the reproductive system do?

A

secretes oocytes and hormones (part of the endocrine system)

156
Q

What is the function of the uterine tubes in the reproductive system?

A

Delivers oocytes and is the location of fertilisation

157
Q

Uterus had what function in the reproductive system?

A

Embryonic development

158
Q

What part of the reproductive system lubricates, acts as the sperm reception and is the birth canel?

A

vagina and external genitalia.

159
Q

Mammary gland in the reproductive system has what function?

A

Nutrition for new-borns. (this is also part of the integumentary system as it is a modified sweat gland)

Biosci107 first half (2 decks)

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