Organisation of the Human Body Flashcards
What are the six levels of structural organisation? (Starting from smallest to largest)
Chemical, Cellular, tissue, Organ, System, and Organismal levels.
What are the 4 basic tissue types?
Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, and Nervous
What is the Chemical level in structural organisation?
The building blocks of the body. eg. Atoms that joins to form molecules.
What is the Cellular level in structural organisation?
Basic structural and functional units of the body (~200 types). eg. Cardiac muscles.
What is the Tissue level in structural organisation?
Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function. eg. Cardiac muscle.
Split into 4 major classes: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve
What is the Organ level in structural organisation?
Structures with specific functions composed of two or more types of tissue. eg. Heart.
What is the System level in structural organisation?
A system consists of related organ with a common function. eg. Cardiovascular.
What is the Organismal level in structural organisation?
All the parts of the body function together to constitute a living organism. eg. The individual.
What are the 11 Body Systems?
Integumentary(skin)
Muscular
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Skeletal
Nervous
Digestive
Urinary
Endocrine
Reproductive
Lymphatic and Immune
Some organs may belong to more than one system. eg. The pancreas which belongs in both digestive and endocrine system.
Which organ (structures) are part of the Integumentary (skin) system and what do they do?
Epidermis
- Covers surface
- protects deeper tissue
- produces Vit. D
Dermis
- “Feeds” epidermis; strength; glands
Hair follicles
- Sensation from Innervation
Hair
- Protection
Sebaceous glands
- Lubricates hair shaft and epidermis
Sweat glands
- Thermoregulation
Nails
- Stiffen and protect digits
Sensory receptors
- Detects touch; pressure, temperature, and pain
Hypodermis
- Fat stores; Attaches skin to deeper layers
Which organ (structures) are part of the Musclar system and what do they do?
Skeletal muscles
- Skeletal movement controls
entrances and exits: digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems.
- Produces heat: shivering
- Support: skeleton
- Protect: soft tissues
Axial muscles
- Provides support and postioning of the axial skeleton
Appendicular muscles
- Support and move limbs
Tendons and aponeuroses
- Translates contractile forces into task eg. flexion and extension
- Tendons are fibrous rope-like connections between muscle to bone
-Aponeuroses are sheet-like; most often muscle to muscle connection; also to bone.
Which organ (structures) are part of the Skeletal system and what do they do?
Bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments
- Cartilages: bone interfaces
- Types: hyaline (ribs, joints); Fibro- (discs)
Axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum, supporting cartilages, ligaments)
- Protects brain and spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thorax
- Supports body weight over lower limbs
Appendicular skeleton (Limb bones, supporting cartilages & ligaments)
- Provides internal support and postioning of the exeternal limbs; supports and enables muscles to move the axial skeleton
Bone
- Stores minerals
Bone marrow (red&yellow)
- Red blood cell production (flat bones ( pelvis, sternum, skull, ribs; lose some of this with aging)
- Stores of fat cells
Which organ (structures) are part of the Nervous system and what do they do?
Central nervous system (CNS)
- Control center
- Short term control over other systems
Brain
- Complex integrative activities
- Controls voluntary and involuntary activities
Spinal cord
- Relays information to and from the brain
-Preforms less complex integrative activities
Special sense
- Sensory input to brain relating to sight, hearing, smell, taste, and equilibrium.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- Links the CNS with other systems and sense organs
Which organ (structures) are part of the Endocrine system and what do they do?
Pineal gland
- Day night rhythms (melatonin)
Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland
- Cotrol many other endocrine glands
- Regulates growth and fluid balance
Thyroid gland
- Metabolic rate (thyroxine)
Parathyroid gland
-Calcium levels
Thymus
- Maturation of lymphocytes (a type of WBC)
Adrenal glands
- Water and mineral balance (aldosterone)
- Tissue metabolism (coritsol)
- Cardio. and Resp. function (adrenaline)
Kidneys
- RBC production
- Blood pressure up
- Calcium levels
Pancreas
- Glucose control
Gonads
- Sexual characteristics an reproduction
Which organ (structures) are part of the Lymphatic system and what do they do?
Lymphatic vessels
- Contractile vessels
- Carries lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of Cardio. system
Lymphatic fluid
- Lipids (fats and fatty acids) from guy
- Fluid from tissues
B cells and T cells
- Cells that carry out immune responses
Lymph nodes
- Monitor composition of lymph defence
- Stimulate immune response
Spleen
- Monitors blood cell circulation
- Recycle RBC
- Produces immune responses
Thymus
- Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes
Which organ (structures) are part of the Cardiovascular system and what do they do?
Heart
- Propels blood and maintains blood pressure
Blood vessels
- Arteries from heart to capillaries
- Capillaries diffuse between blood and interstitial fluids
- Veins return blood from capillaries to heart
Blood
- Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Transport nutrients and hormones
- Removes waste
- Temperature regulation
- Defence against illness
- Acid base balance
Which organ (structures) are part of the Respiratory system and what do they do?
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
- Filter, warm, and humidify air
- Detect smells
Pharynx
- Conducts air to larynx
Larynx (voicebox)
- Protects opening to trachea
- Vocal cords for vocalisation
Bronchi
- Conducts air between trachea and lungs
Lungs
- Air movement
- Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli
- Acid base control
Diaphragm
- Muscle for air movement
Which organ (structures) are part of the Digestive system and what do they do?
Oral cavity
- Breaks up food working with teeth and tongue
Salivary gland
- Buffers and lubricant
- Enzymes that begin digestion
Pharynx
- Solid food and liquids to the oesophagus
- Chamber shared with Resp. system
Oesophagus
- Deliver food to stomach
Stomach
- Secretes acid
- Enzyme
- Hormones
Small intestine
- Digestive enzymes
- Buffers and hormones
- Absorbs nutrients
Liver
- Secretes bile (digestive fluid)
- Regulates nutrients in blood
Gallbladder
- Concentrates bile
Pancreas
- Digestive enzymes
- Buffers
- Endocrine cells
Lage intestines and anus
- Water removal
- Waste storage and removal
Which organ (structures) are part of the Urinary system and what do they do?
Kidneys
- Forms and concentrates urine
- Regulate pH and ions
- Blood volume and blood pressure
- Endocrine function
Ureters
- Conducts urine to bladder
Bladder
- Stores urine prior to elimination
Urethra
- Conducts urine to exterior
Which organ (structures) are part of the male Reproductive system and what do they do?
Testes
- Produce sperm
- Produce hormones
Epididymis
- Sperm maturation
Ductus deferens
- Sperm from epididymis
Seminal and prostate glands
- Seminal fluid
Urethra
- Sperm to exterior
Penis
- Reproduction
Scrotum
- Control testes
