Organisation of the Human Body Flashcards
Describe the structure of the human body
organ system
individual organ
tissue
cells
organelles
macro molecules
molecules
elements
atoms
Identify how many electrons atoms need in their outer shell to be stable
8
What is ionic bonding?
two atoms transfer electrons to become stable (i.e losing and gaining)
What is covalent bonding?
Two atoms share electrons to become stable
Describe disulphide bonds
covalent bonds btwn. sulfur atoms. They are important for shaping proteins.
Describe hydrogen bonds
two hydrogen atoms share electron to get a slight positive charge
What is the main role of carbs?
to provide energy for cellular respiration
What do all carbs contain?
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
List the classification of carbs
monosaccharides
disaccharides
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides
What are disaccharides digested as?
Monosaccharides
What happens when two monosaccharides bond?
disaccharide is formed thru. a covalent bond and molecule of water is removed
How many monosaccharides do oligosaccharides have?
btwn. 3-20
Can humans digest oligosaccharides?
No - they are thrfr. found in outer surface of cell membranes as antigens
Describe oligosaccharides’ role in breast milk
Encourages production of beneficial bacteria in newborn’s gut
How many monosaccharides are polysaccharides made of?
1000s, resulting in different shapes
What do digestive enzymes do to starch?
Split bonds of starch molecules, releasing glucose
What is glycogen?
Highly branched chain of glucose
Describe the process of glucose levels in the body
after a meal high in carbs, the blood glucose levels rise. Insulin changes glucose to glycogen to be stored in liver + skeletal muscles.
In btwn. meals, the glycogen is converted to glucose so that cells can use this for cellular respiration.
What is the role of cellulose?
Promotes peristalsis in the large intestine
What do lipids contain?
hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes phosphate
Name the classifications of fat
true fat
phospholipids
steroids
Describe what true fats are made of
1 molecule of glycerol and 1-3 fatty acid molecules
What is a fatty acid?
A long molecule that has an even no. of carbon (12-24) bonded to hydrogen
The first carbon is a carboxyl group
Name the types of fatty acids
3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol = triglyceride
2 fatty acids bonded to glycerol = diglyceride
1 fatty acid bonded to glycerol = monoglyceride
Can fatty acids be unsaturated?
Yes, fatty acids in true fats can be saturated or unsaturated
What does a saturated fat mean?
Saturated with hydrogen