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Foundations of Human Biology 1 > Organisation of the Human Body > Flashcards

Organisation of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of the human body

A

organ system
individual organ
tissue
cells
organelles
macro molecules
molecules
elements
atoms

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2
Q

Identify how many electrons atoms need in their outer shell to be stable

A

8

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3
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

two atoms transfer electrons to become stable (i.e losing and gaining)

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4
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

Two atoms share electrons to become stable

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5
Q

Describe disulphide bonds

A

covalent bonds btwn. sulfur atoms. They are important for shaping proteins.

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6
Q

Describe hydrogen bonds

A

two hydrogen atoms share electron to get a slight positive charge

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7
Q

What is the main role of carbs?

A

to provide energy for cellular respiration

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8
Q

What do all carbs contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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9
Q

List the classification of carbs

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides

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10
Q

What are disaccharides digested as?

A

Monosaccharides

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11
Q

What happens when two monosaccharides bond?

A

disaccharide is formed thru. a covalent bond and molecule of water is removed

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12
Q

How many monosaccharides do oligosaccharides have?

A

btwn. 3-20

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13
Q

Can humans digest oligosaccharides?

A

No - they are thrfr. found in outer surface of cell membranes as antigens

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14
Q

Describe oligosaccharides’ role in breast milk

A

Encourages production of beneficial bacteria in newborn’s gut

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15
Q

How many monosaccharides are polysaccharides made of?

A

1000s, resulting in different shapes

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16
Q

What do digestive enzymes do to starch?

A

Split bonds of starch molecules, releasing glucose

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17
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Highly branched chain of glucose

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18
Q

Describe the process of glucose levels in the body

A

after a meal high in carbs, the blood glucose levels rise. Insulin changes glucose to glycogen to be stored in liver + skeletal muscles.

In btwn. meals, the glycogen is converted to glucose so that cells can use this for cellular respiration.

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19
Q

What is the role of cellulose?

A

Promotes peristalsis in the large intestine

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20
Q

What do lipids contain?

A

hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes phosphate

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21
Q

Name the classifications of fat

A

true fat
phospholipids
steroids

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22
Q

Describe what true fats are made of

A

1 molecule of glycerol and 1-3 fatty acid molecules

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23
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

A long molecule that has an even no. of carbon (12-24) bonded to hydrogen

The first carbon is a carboxyl group

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24
Q

Name the types of fatty acids

A

3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol = triglyceride
2 fatty acids bonded to glycerol = diglyceride
1 fatty acid bonded to glycerol = monoglyceride

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25
Can fatty acids be unsaturated?
Yes, fatty acids in true fats can be saturated or unsaturated
26
What does a saturated fat mean?
Saturated with hydrogen
27
Where is excess fat stored?
In adipose tissue
28
What are phospholipids?
diglycerides with a phosphate group
29
What is the role of phospholipids?
they are a structural component of cells
30
Describe steroids
Steroids (mainly cholesterol) are a type of fat that initiate the production of hormones
31
Describe the structure of proteins
Made of smaller units called amino acids
32
How are amino acids obtained?
From plant and animal proteins
33
What is a peptide?
The bond between two or more amino acids
34
Describe what primary structure is
The sequence of amino acids specific to each protein
35
What are enzymes?
Catalysts in active site theory
36
Describe active site theory
The shape of an enzyme determines its function. This also involves the shape of the substrate (reacting molecules).
37
What does the integumentary system do?
It is the external covering of body that protects internals, provides sensory function, thermoregulation and vitamin D synthesis.
38
What does the skeletal system do?
It includes bones, ligaments and tendons. It produces blood cells and stores nutrients.
39
What does the muscular system do?
Muscles involved include smooth, skeletal and cardiovascular. Provides movement and contractability.
40
What does the nervous system do?
Consists of CNS & PNS. Transmits signals between body tissue and brain.
41
What does the endocrine system do?
Produce hormones
42
What does the cardiovascular system do?
Consists of heart and blood vessels. Supplies blood with oxygen and nutrients. Removes CO2 and metabolic waste.
43
What does the lymphatic and immune system do?
The lymphatic system maintains fluids. The immune system protects body.
44
What does the respiratory system do?
transports oxygen and CO2. Ventialtion plus removes waste.
45
What does the digestive system do?
Absorbs nutrients and digests food.
46
What does the urinary system do?
filters blood, reabsorption of solutes and water, excretes waste, fluid balance.
47
What does the reproductive system do?
ensures survival of species, produce sex cells, nurture developing offspring.
48
What is anterior/ventral?
front of body
49
What is posterior/dorcel?
back of body
50
What is superior?
above portion of body
51
What is inferior?
below portion of body
52
What is proximal?
closer to origin
53
What is distal?
further from origin
54
What is superficial/external?
Closer to surface/outside of body
55
What is deep/internal?
deeper and closer to internals of body
56
What is medial?
Close to center of body
57
What is lateral?
Away from center of body
58
What is controlateral?
opposite side of body
59
What is ipsilateral?
same side of body
60
What is the frontal/coronal sec?
Divides body into front and back
61
What is the sagittal sec?
separated body from left and right
62
What is the transverse sec?
separates body from top and bottom
63
What is a cross-section?
Perpendicular to long axis
64
What is a longitudinal sec?
Cut lengthways
65
What is the cranial cavity?
Space within skull
66
What is the spinal cavity
Cavity that contains spinal cord

Foundations of Human Biology 1 (2 decks)

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