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Foundations of Human Biology 1 > Organisation of the Human Body > Flashcards

Organisation of the Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the structure of the human body

A

organ system
individual organ
tissue
cells
organelles
macro molecules
molecules
elements
atoms

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2
Q

Identify how many electrons atoms need in their outer shell to be stable

A

8

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3
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

two atoms transfer electrons to become stable (i.e losing and gaining)

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4
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

Two atoms share electrons to become stable

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5
Q

Describe disulphide bonds

A

covalent bonds btwn. sulfur atoms. They are important for shaping proteins.

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6
Q

Describe hydrogen bonds

A

two hydrogen atoms share electron to get a slight positive charge

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7
Q

What is the main role of carbs?

A

to provide energy for cellular respiration

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8
Q

What do all carbs contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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9
Q

List the classification of carbs

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides

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10
Q

What are disaccharides digested as?

A

Monosaccharides

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11
Q

What happens when two monosaccharides bond?

A

disaccharide is formed thru. a covalent bond and molecule of water is removed

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12
Q

How many monosaccharides do oligosaccharides have?

A

btwn. 3-20

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13
Q

Can humans digest oligosaccharides?

A

No - they are thrfr. found in outer surface of cell membranes as antigens

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14
Q

Describe oligosaccharides’ role in breast milk

A

Encourages production of beneficial bacteria in newborn’s gut

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15
Q

How many monosaccharides are polysaccharides made of?

A

1000s, resulting in different shapes

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16
Q

What do digestive enzymes do to starch?

A

Split bonds of starch molecules, releasing glucose

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17
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Highly branched chain of glucose

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18
Q

Describe the process of glucose levels in the body

A

after a meal high in carbs, the blood glucose levels rise. Insulin changes glucose to glycogen to be stored in liver + skeletal muscles.

In btwn. meals, the glycogen is converted to glucose so that cells can use this for cellular respiration.

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19
Q

What is the role of cellulose?

A

Promotes peristalsis in the large intestine

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20
Q

What do lipids contain?

A

hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes phosphate

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21
Q

Name the classifications of fat

A

true fat
phospholipids
steroids

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22
Q

Describe what true fats are made of

A

1 molecule of glycerol and 1-3 fatty acid molecules

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23
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

A long molecule that has an even no. of carbon (12-24) bonded to hydrogen

The first carbon is a carboxyl group

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24
Q

Name the types of fatty acids

A

3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol = triglyceride
2 fatty acids bonded to glycerol = diglyceride
1 fatty acid bonded to glycerol = monoglyceride

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25
Q

Can fatty acids be unsaturated?

A

Yes, fatty acids in true fats can be saturated or unsaturated

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26
Q

What does a saturated fat mean?

A

Saturated with hydrogen

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27
Q

Where is excess fat stored?

A

In adipose tissue

28
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

diglycerides with a phosphate group

29
Q

What is the role of phospholipids?

A

they are a structural component of cells

30
Q

Describe steroids

A

Steroids (mainly cholesterol) are a type of fat that initiate the production of hormones

31
Q

Describe the structure of proteins

A

Made of smaller units called amino acids

32
Q

How are amino acids obtained?

A

From plant and animal proteins

33
Q

What is a peptide?

A

The bond between two or more amino acids

34
Q

Describe what primary structure is

A

The sequence of amino acids specific to each protein

35
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts in active site theory

36
Q

Describe active site theory

A

The shape of an enzyme determines its function. This also involves the shape of the substrate (reacting molecules).

37
Q

What does the integumentary system do?

A

It is the external covering of body that protects internals, provides sensory function, thermoregulation and vitamin D synthesis.

38
Q

What does the skeletal system do?

A

It includes bones, ligaments and tendons. It produces blood cells and stores nutrients.

39
Q

What does the muscular system do?

A

Muscles involved include smooth, skeletal and cardiovascular. Provides movement and contractability.

40
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

Consists of CNS & PNS. Transmits signals between body tissue and brain.

41
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Produce hormones

42
Q

What does the cardiovascular system do?

A

Consists of heart and blood vessels. Supplies blood with oxygen and nutrients. Removes CO2 and metabolic waste.

43
Q

What does the lymphatic and immune system do?

A

The lymphatic system maintains fluids. The immune system protects body.

44
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A

transports oxygen and CO2. Ventialtion plus removes waste.

45
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

Absorbs nutrients and digests food.

46
Q

What does the urinary system do?

A

filters blood, reabsorption of solutes and water, excretes waste, fluid balance.

47
Q

What does the reproductive system do?

A

ensures survival of species, produce sex cells, nurture developing offspring.

48
Q

What is anterior/ventral?

A

front of body

49
Q

What is posterior/dorcel?

A

back of body

50
Q

What is superior?

A

above portion of body

51
Q

What is inferior?

A

below portion of body

52
Q

What is proximal?

A

closer to origin

53
Q

What is distal?

A

further from origin

54
Q

What is superficial/external?

A

Closer to surface/outside of body

55
Q

What is deep/internal?

A

deeper and closer to internals of body

56
Q

What is medial?

A

Close to center of body

57
Q

What is lateral?

A

Away from center of body

58
Q

What is controlateral?

A

opposite side of body

59
Q

What is ipsilateral?

A

same side of body

60
Q

What is the frontal/coronal sec?

A

Divides body into front and back

61
Q

What is the sagittal sec?

A

separated body from left and right

62
Q

What is the transverse sec?

A

separates body from top and bottom

63
Q

What is a cross-section?

A

Perpendicular to long axis

64
Q

What is a longitudinal sec?

A

Cut lengthways

65
Q

What is the cranial cavity?

A

Space within skull

66
Q

What is the spinal cavity

A

Cavity that contains spinal cord

Foundations of Human Biology 1 (2 decks)

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